attribution
claim that causes beh
ex. make inferences on o/ thought process
can be right or wrong
ex. infer that someone is staring at you bc you think you’re cute
person bias
“fundamental attribution”
overestimate personality and discredit environment
ex. diff btw bad day and bad life
-very common in lab setting
personal bias-environment
common if given time to make a decision
actor-observer discrepancy
better know someone, more likely attribute beh to environment
ex. understand why Jace acts out (bc of bad home life)
Macy Study 2019
play card game ex. like candy land
result- winners 2x mre likely perceive outcome as fair
attribute winning to talent v luck
attractiveness bias
physically attrac. ppl judged as more competent and sociable
baby-face bias
percieved be more honest, kind and naive than o/
baby-face charac
round heads, protruding forehead, large eyes and small jaw
Pygmalion effect
ex. of self-fulfilling prophecy
if tell yourself you’re ugly you will become ugly
self-serving attribu. bias
own success is bc of internal causes
failure is bc of external causes
cog. diss. theory
1957
disconnect btw attitude and action
typically causes emotional discomfort
ways avoid cog. diss.
outright avoid
change attitude to match actions
ex. reconsider that smoking isn’t only thing that causes cancer
change action to match attitude
ex. stop playing basketball bc don’t agree w/ rules
Frimer study 2017
paid more if willing to read why ppl believed differently
results- willingly took less money so didn’t have to hear o/ side
independant bias
belief that you don’t have bias at all
superior bias
belief that you are more moral and smarter than those who disagree
confirmation bias
ex. cherry picking
pay more attention and remember facts that confirm own stance
insufficient justification effect
happens when no good incentive for doing an action
ex. washing car in cold for $5
have to convince yourself it’s fun
tend to enjoy the experi. more
just-world hypoth
idea that you get what you deserve
ex. rape victims “ask for it”
charac. impact actions
number ex. peer pressure strength ex. popular kid opinion immediacy ex. mom or clique v outsider
impression management
try control o/ impression of us
ex. saying hate puzzles but you really love them just to “fit in” or impress someone
impress. manag. cognition
conscious or unconscious process
qualities like to portray
hardworking, smart, kind etc
*can portray feelings of sadness/pity or anger to attract attention too
impress. management on close friends and fam
not work
they already know all charac. of you
*can try and lie but will not be able to trick them
shyness and impress. management
shy people often make good impressions but are too scared they are going to mess up
-have low self esteem in ability to do impress. management
avoid situations that could be embarrassing
high self monitor
very socially aware change beh based on environ lots of mutual friends few close friends pick friends based on physical appearance or similarity w/ hobby
low self monitor
few friends lots of close friends not aware/ don't care of how socially perceived no filter are who they are no matter what attracted to ppl w/ same central values
social facilitation
audience improves performance
skill usually mastered
ex. NBA players
social interference
audience hinders
ex. studying/ practicing speech
usually something not 100% confident in
how audience affect CNS
inc arousal
*sympath. stim
favorable for physcial/ simple procedures
social loafing
tendency slack when not constantly analyzed
ex. team project or tug-a-war
deindividuation
focus on group success over self
ex. team sports or cult
tend to encourage mob violence, riots, and suicide baitings *ppl can change stances in agreeance w/ inc population and pressure
Franz Joseph Gall
dev phrenology
shape + attributes of brain determine personality
the bigger the area the stronger the characteristic
skull conforms brain when growing
phrenology popularity
academia loved it
poor ppl hated him- thought atheist
rich ppl hate- folding wife’s heads
phrenology ideology
white better than blacks
men superior to women
aristocrats better than poor bc of bone quality
phrenology discreditation
1840s
bone thickness not universal
and thought process not conducted in bone
highly manipulated by observer bias
*still practiced by fringe till 1890s-1920s
contributions from phrenology
linked physical and mental aspects of brain
supported fluid materialists view
fluid materialists
believed thought came from brain act.
*skeptisized when phrenology fell
took years to recover
william sheldon’s body types
constitutional psych
ectomorph- skinny
mesomorph- athletic and muscular
endomorph- fat
constitutional psych-application of body types
based on physical appearance could predict personality
ectomorph- fearful and restrained
mesomorph- adventurous and courageous
endomorph- loves comfort and food, sociable
constitutional psych
debunked in 1970s
apart of pop psych
personality def
general style of interacting with the world
something that stays the same in diff. environments
trait
inferred from beh
not vary from situation to situation
predisposition
ex. introverted, friendly, abrasive etc
trait theorists
tried to come up w/ specific number of traits that equal a personality
wanted to label people, didn’t care about why you are the way you are
composition of trait theories
specific beh actions ex. argues w/ everyone, likes to win surface traits inferred from beh ex. argumentative and competitive central traits composed of sim. surface traits ex. aggressive
The big 5
OCEAN openness conscientiousness extraversion agreeableness neuroticism *analyzed on continuum
the big 5 applicability
predicter for the longevity of traits
ex. score at age 30 will likely be the same at age 70
if take before 30 will not get same results bc personality is more flexible
women and agreeableness
women more agreeable than men
consistent over multiple decades and in many countries
*no huge diff. in o/ 4 categories
birth order and personality
personality NOT determine d by birth order
theories that explain why you have a certain personality
psychoanalytic
social cog
humanistic
psychodynamic perspective
personality comes from the interplay in subconcious
unconscious v subconscious
subconc= freud + psychody
Unconcious
ppl didn’t want be assoc. w/ freud
freud’s psychoanalysis
had no scientific proof
analyzed beh and correl. certain personality traits w/ behaviors
also performed dream analysis
freud’s psychoanalysis- sex
thought ppl wanted have sex w/ parents
thoughts about sex redirected into diff. actions and stored in subconc.
freud’s psychosexual dev. levels
oral anal phallic latency genital
psychodynamic’s disagreed w/ freud
did not have to agree w/ all
considered a psychody if thought personality comes from subcon.
ex. horney (security and anxiety) and Adler (infer. and super. complex)