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Flashcards in Exam 4 Deck (100)
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1
Q

Social psychology

A

The study of how people think/feel/behave in regard to others and how individual thought is affected by others

2
Q

Attributions

A
How people explain the causes of behavior
2 types:
-internal/dispositional/personal
-external/situational
(Fritz Heiders big insight)
3
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

Tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences on others behaviors
-also called correspondence bias
Ex. Someone driving crazy and you don’t know why

4
Q

Self-serving bias

A
People tend to make internal attributions for positive outcomes and blame negative outcomes on external causes
Why?
-self-esteem
-our efforts
-extends to in-groups
5
Q

Attitude

A

General evaluations people hold in regard to themselves, others, objects, events, or ideas
-often influenced by beliefs
-for choosing favorable/unfavorable
Ex. Whether you like the president

6
Q

Petty and Cacioppo

A

Said people do not always process communications in the same way

  • Central and peripheral route to persuasion
  • motivation+ability = route u take
  • attitudes affect actions
7
Q

Foot in the door technique

A

Start with small request and work up to big request

-actions affect attitudes (also role playing)

8
Q

Cognitive dissonance theory

A

Three basic ideas:
-people are motivated to be consistent in their attitudes and behaviors
-behaving inconsistent with attitude leads to tension (this is cognitive dissonance)
-we are motivated to reduce dissonance by changing attitude or behavior
Ex. Patty Hearst or Boring study

9
Q

How to reduce dissonance

A
  1. Convince self that behavior is consistent with attitude
  2. Minimize the importance of the inconsistency
  3. Change behavior(hardest)
  4. Add in consonant cognitions or subtract dissonant cognitions
  5. Change attitude
10
Q

Chamaeleon affect

A

People mimic without knowing

  • people mimic people they like more
  • social influence is automatic
11
Q

Three types of social influence

A

Conformity, compliance, and obedience

12
Q

Conformity

A

A change in behavior or attitude brought about by a desire to follow the police or standards of others
Ex. Asch’s line judgement
-increases with group size(4), unamity, friends
-increase w easy tasks +low importance
-decrease with hard task and high importance

13
Q

Compliance

A

Yielding to a direct, explicit appeal meant to produce certain behavior or agreement to a particular point of view

14
Q

Obedience

A

A change in behavior due to commands of others

-Milgram’s shock study

15
Q

Informational social influence

A

Using information of others to understand ambiguous situations

  • to be accurate
  • leads to private acceptance
  • reason we conform
16
Q

Normative social influence

A

Conformity for social approval

  • to avoid conflict
  • Norms
  • leads to public compliance
  • reason we conform
  • aschs study
17
Q

Influences on obedience

A
  1. Immediacy of victim
  2. Immediacy of authority
  3. Foot in door
  4. Responsibility passed on
  5. Trust of test
  6. Rebellious model
    (Gender and type of pleas did not help)
18
Q

Social facilitation

A

An increase in performance when in the presence of others (easy task)

19
Q

Social inhibition

A

A decrease in performance when in the presence of others

20
Q

Deinduviduation

A

Losing ones sense of personal identity, which makes it easier to behave in ways inconsistent with ones normal values
Reasons:
-makes people feel less accountable
-distracts from self values
Idea: being in a group or crowd undermines constraints of social norms

21
Q

Stereotypes

A

A generalization about a group where characteristics are assigned to all members regardless of actual variation

22
Q

Prejudice

A

Attitude towards a group of people based solely on the people
Ex. Racism
-can bias behavior

23
Q

Discrimination

A

Unjustified negative behavior toward a member of a group bc of their membership

24
Q

Social roots of predjudice

A

Belief in just world
Realistic group conflict-conflict bc of scarce resources
Ingroup and outgroup- favoring own group
-can be explicit or implicit(automatic)

25
Q

Scapegoat theory

A

Theory that prejudice offers outlet for anger

-emotional root for prejudice

26
Q

Categorization

A

Tendency to underestimate similarities in own group and overestimate similarities in other group

  • out group homogeneity bias
  • cognitive root for bias
27
Q

Aggression

A
Behavior intended to harm another person who is motivated to avoid the harm
3 factors:
-behavior
-intention
-victim avoiding
28
Q

Peripheral vs central route persuasion

A

Peripheral- people are influenced by incidental cues; very quick (attractiveness)
Central-people focus on the arguments; occurs when people are already involved

29
Q

Zimbardo

A

Ran studies for role playing affect
(Bad barrel not bad apples)
“Fear can create aggression which is blamed on out group”

30
Q

Group think

A

The mode of thinking that occurs when desire for harmony overrides realistic shit

31
Q

Compassionate love

A

Needs:
Equity:partner gets what they give
Self-disclosure: revealing intimate aspects

32
Q

Social exchange theory

A

Theory our social behavior is an exchange process (maximize benefits and reduce cost)

33
Q

Reprocity norm

A

People will help people who have helped them

34
Q

Social trap

A

Conflicting parties pursue their own interest rather than the good of the group which causes destructive behavior

35
Q

Mirror-image perception

A

Mutual views by conflicting groups, however, sees the other group as evil

36
Q

Super ordinate goals

A

Shared goals that override group differences

37
Q

GRIT

A

Strategy designed to reduce international tensions

38
Q

Other Race affect

A

Tendency to recall faces of own race better

  • 3-4 months
  • own age bias too
39
Q

Personality

A

Pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

40
Q

Freud

A
  • the psychoanalytic perspective of personality
  • ids, ego, superego (personality structure)
  • psychosexual stages
  • childhood sexuality and unconscious motives influence personality
  • human personality is from conflict between impulses
41
Q

Ids

A

Unconscious psychic energy strives to satisfy basic drives to survive, reproduce, and aggress (pleasure principle)
-unconscious mind

42
Q

Ego

A

Seeks to gratify the ids impulses in realistic ways that bring long term pleasure (reality principle)(3)

  • mostly conscious
  • makes peace between ids and superego
43
Q

Superego

A

Forces ego to consider the real and ideal

  • how we should behave
  • 5-6
  • guilt
  • outside awareness but accessible
44
Q

Erogenous zones

A

Pleasure sensitive areas

45
Q

Psychosexual stages

A

Oral- 0-18 months, pleasure centers on the mouth
Anal-18-36 months bowel and bladder elimination
Phallic- 3-6 years, pleasure zone is the genitals
Latency- 6-puberty, a phase of dormant sexual feelings
Genital- maturation of sexual interests

46
Q

Defense mechanisms

A

The egos protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

  • regression, re-pression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, displacement, and denial
  • indirect and unconscious
47
Q

Regression

A

Leads an individual faced with anxiety to retreat to a more infantile psychosexual stage

48
Q

Repression

A

Vanishes anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from conscious
-underlies all other defense mechanisms

49
Q

Reaction formation

A

Causes the ego to unconsciously switch unacceptable impulses into their opposites
Ex. Expresses purity when anxiety about sex

50
Q

Projection

A

Leads people to disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to another

51
Q

Rationalization

A

Offers self justifying exclamations and place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one’s actions

52
Q

Displacement

A

Shifts sexual/aggressive impulses toward it as more acceptable or less threatening object or person
-outlet

53
Q

Adler

A
  • neofreudian
  • believed in childhood tensions, however, these tensions were social and not sexual
  • Child struggles with an inferiority complex during growth and strives for superiority
54
Q

Horney

A

Neofreudian

  • believed in social aspects like Adler
  • countered freuds assumption of women’s weak super ego and penis envy
55
Q

Projective tests

A

Provides window into the unconscious by asking test takers to describe an ambiguous stimulus

  • Thermatic perception test
  • ink blot (not valid or reliable
56
Q

False consensus effect

A

Tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors
-Freud

57
Q

Terror management theory

A

Enhance self-esteem to counter our anxiety about our own morality

58
Q

Free association

A

Method of exploring the unconscious mind where a person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind

59
Q

Oedipus complex

A

A boys sexual desires for Mother and hatred for father

-Electra complex for girls

60
Q

Identification

A

Freud

Children incorporate parents values into super egos

61
Q

Fixation

A

Freud

Lingering focus of pleasure seeking energies an early stage where conflicts were unresolved (oral, Anal, or phallic)

62
Q

Manifest and latent content

A

Manifest is remembered content of dreams. Latent is censored expression of unconscious wishes.

63
Q

Collective unconscious

A

Concept of shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces of our own species (Jung)

64
Q

Maslow’s Self actualizing pyramid

A
  1. Physiological needs
  2. Safety needs
  3. Belongingness needs
  4. Self-esteem needs
  5. Self actualization needs
  6. Self transcendence needs
65
Q

The humanistic perspective

A
  • focused on our inner capacity is for growth
  • maslow’s pyramid
  • rogers perspective
  • central feature: self-concept
  • vague, selfish, and naive
66
Q

Carl Rogers person centered perspective

A

Genuineness, acceptance, and empathy or the three things we need to grow mofo

67
Q

Unconditional positive regard

A

An attitude of grace, an attitude that values us even knowing our feelings
-free of being spontaneous without fearing losing others esteem

68
Q

The trait perspective

A

Peoples characteristic behaviors and conscious motives

  • Allport
  • describe traits not explain them
69
Q

Factor analysis

A

Round pie chart (kinda) with four main personalities

  • genetically influenced
  • stable and extroverts
70
Q

Personality inventory

A

A questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors

  • used to assess traits
  • MMPI
71
Q

The big five factors of assessing traits

A
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
-stabilizes with age
-50% heretability
-brain structure and culture matter
-can predict behaviors
72
Q

The social cognitive perspective

A
  • Bandura
  • personality shaped by the interactions between people traits, environments, and behaviors
  • reciprocal determinism
  • personal control
73
Q

Self actualization

A
  • Maslow

- Motivation to fill potential

74
Q

Self efficacy

A

Sense of competence and effectiveness

75
Q

Narcissism

A

Excessive self-love and self absorbtion

76
Q

trephination

A
  • old school way of getting rid of disorders
  • “releases dempons”
  • burr holes
77
Q

Pinel

A

said madness was not demons but a sickness caused by stress and inhumane conditions
-treatment was focusing on relieving stress

78
Q

the medical model

A

concept that diseases, including psych disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed and treated

79
Q

generalized anxiety disorder

A

anxiety disorder where a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic system arousal

  • cognitive and physical symptoms
  • over exaggerating
80
Q

panic disorder

A

anxiety disorder marked by brief unpredictable episodes of intense dread

  • terror
  • chest pain
  • choking
81
Q

phobias

A

anxiety disorder marked by persistent irrational fear and avoidance of some shit

82
Q

OCD

A

anxiety disorder marked by unwanted repetitive thought and actions

  • common for teens
  • genetic
83
Q

compulsive hoarding

A

inability or unwillingness to discard large quantities of objects that cover living areas of the home and cause distress

84
Q

PTSD

A

an anxiety disorder marked by haunting memories, social withdrawl, jumping anxiety, and insomnia that lingers for weeks after traumatic experience

  • any age
  • greater emotional distress= higher risk
  • genetic
  • smaller amygdala
85
Q

fear conditioning

A

when associations form between neutral stimuli and fearful events
-simulus generalization and reinforcement

86
Q

anxiety disorder causes

A
  • fear conditioning
  • observational learning
  • cognition
  • natural selection
  • genes
  • brain
87
Q

major depressive disorders

A

mood disorder where a person experiences 2+ weeks of feelings of worthlessness

  • common cold of psych disorders
  • women twice as likely
  • increasing
88
Q

social cognitive perspective of depression

A

explanatory style: to what we attribute bad events and failures in life

89
Q

schizophrenia

A

delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions

  • viruses during pregnancy
  • small thalamus + cortex
  • out of sync neurons
  • dopamine
90
Q

delusions vs. disturbed perceptions

A

delusions- bizarre beliefs

disturbed perceptions- hallucinations

91
Q

dissociative disorder

A

conscious awareness becomes separated from previous thoughts, memories, and feelings

92
Q

dissociative identity disorder

A

rare condition where a person exhibits 2+ distinct alternating

93
Q

personality disorders

A

inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

94
Q

antisocial personality disorder

A

a personality disorder in which the person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing

  • tendency for aggression
  • small amygdala + less active frontal lobe
  • typically male
  • obsterical complications and childhood poverty
95
Q

agoraphobia

A

fear of situations of not escaping when anxiety strikes

96
Q

rumination

A

compulsive fretting and overthinking

97
Q

state-dependent memory

A

mood depending on experiences recalled

98
Q

chronic vs acute schizophrenia

A

chronic- episodes keep getting longer and more frequent

acute- and age after traumatic event

99
Q

fugue state

A

sudden loss of memory or change in identity

100
Q

autokinetic

A

dot moving in room