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Anatomy and Physiology II LECTURE > Exam #3 old test > Flashcards

Exam #3 old test Flashcards

1
Q 
Under normal conditions, airway resistance is highest in which segment of the conducting airway?
A. Terminal bronchioles
B. respiratory bronchioles
C. Medium sized bronchi
D. Primary bronchi
A

C. medium sized bronchi

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2
Q

Which of the following processes is not properly matches with its description?
A. Transport of respiratory gases: hemoglobin binds to O2
B. Pulmonary ventilation: bulk movement of gases
C. External resp: CO2 diffuses into blood stream
D. Internal resp: O2 diffuses out of the blood

A

C. external respiration: CO2 diffuses into the blood stream

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3
Q 
Which of these cells would be most effective in the ingestion and disposal of microorganisms that may enter the alveoli?
A. Type I alveolar cells
B. epithelial cells
C. Type II alveolar cells
D. Alveolar macrophages
A

D. Alveolar macrophages

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4
Q

What type of epithelial tissue forms the walls of the alveoli?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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5
Q

It is common in babies born prematurely that the walls of the alveoli cling to each other and make them difficult to inflate. What cells in these infants are NOT fully developed and are NOT doing their job? Type I or type II alveolar cells?

A

Type II alveolar cells

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6
Q

The main site of respiratory gas exchange is in the ______

A

Alveoli

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7
Q

Hemoglobin….
A. has give subunits
B. uses ATP to move oxygen from blood to body cells
C. is the site of cellular respiration
D. is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen

A

D. is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen

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8
Q 
The pressure in the pleural cavity is called the \_\_\_\_\_
A. intrapleural pressure
B. intrapulmonary pressure
C. Interpleural pressure
D. transpulmonary pressure
A

Intrapleural pressure`

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9
Q

The pressure in the pleural cavity is_____
A. always greater than the pressure in the alveoli
B. Less than the pressure in the alveoli and less than atmospheric pressure
C. greater than the pressure in the alveoli and less than atmospheric pressure
D. none of the above

A

Less than the pressure in the alveoli and less than atmospheric pressure

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10
Q

With pneumothorax, the lung collapses because….
A. intrapleural pressure is lower than transpulmonary pressure
B. Intrapleural pressure is higher than intrapulmonary pressure
C. Intrapulmonary pressure is lower than transpulm. pressure
D. Intrapulmonary pressure is higher than atmospheric pressure

A

Intrapleural pressure is higher than intrapulmonary pressure

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11
Q

Which of the following characteristics accurately describes Boyle’s law?
A. The pressure of gas in your lungs is inversely proportional to the volume in your lungs
B. How well a gas dissolves in a liquid such as blood depends on both its partial pressure and its solubility
C. The partial pressure of a gas in the air you breathe is in equal to the total atmospheric pressure times the fractional concentration of the gas
D. All of the above

A

A

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12
Q 
Which of the following could be responsible for an increase in intrapulmonary pressure?
A. A decrease in intrapleural pressure
B. an increase in lung volume
C. inspiration
D. a decrease in lung volume
A

D. a decrease in lung volume

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13
Q 
Which of the following pressures rises and falls with the phases of breathing but eventually equalizes with the atmospheric pressure?
A. Intrapulmonary pressure
B. Transpulmonary pressure
C. intrapleural pressure
D. atmospheric pressure
A

Intrapulmonary pressure

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14
Q

Which pressure must remain negative to prevent lung collapse?

A

Intrapleural pressure

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15
Q 
Which of the following pressure relationships best illustrates when inspiration will occur?
A. Ppul > Patm
B. Ppul < Patm
C. Ppul < Pip
D. Ppul = Patm
A

Ppul < Patm

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16
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_ pressure, the difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures, prevents the lungs from collapsing
A. transpulmonary 
B. Intra-alveolar
C. Transthoracic 
D. Atmospheric
A

Transpulmonary

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17
Q

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by _______

A

Diffusion

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18
Q

What is the most common method of carbon dioxide transport?
A. Chemically bound to hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin
B.. as bicarbonate ions in the plasma
C. Chemically bound to hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin
D. Dissolved in the plasma

A

Bicarbonate

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19
Q

What is the primary form in which oxygen is carried in the blood?

A

Chemically bound to hemoglobin

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20
Q

The red blood cell count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because the…..

A

Concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at higher altitudes

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21
Q 
Which of the following is(are) obstructive conditions?
A. An acute asthma attack
B. emphysema and an acute asthma attack
C. Emphysema
D. exercise
A

B.

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22
Q 
Which of the disorders below is characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation?
A. coryza
B. tuberculosis
C. emphysema
D. Pneumonia
A

Emphysema

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23
Q

Which of the following is not correct about partial pressure?
A. There is a steep partial pressure gradient for O2 between blood and lungs
B. alveolar Po2 is higher than venous blood Po2
C. Alveolar Po2 is lower than venous blood Po2
D. Alveolar Pco2 is lower than venous blood Pco2

A

C. (note: oxygen is lower in venous blood because it just deposited most of its oxygen into the tissues and is now being carried back up towards the lung)

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24
Q

What is the leading cause of cancer deaths in america?

A

Lung cancer

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25
Q 
Prof. Vezzoli just ate a meal high in complex carbohydrate. Which of the following enzymes will help to digest his meal?
A. Trypsin
B. cholecystokinin
C. Amylase
D. gastrin
A

C. amylase

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26
Q 
Which of the following enzymes would be most active in the presence of a high concentration of protein fragments?
A. Trypsin
B. lipase
C. vezzinase
D. Amylase
A

Trypsin

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27
Q 
Bile salts bind at their hydrophobic regions to large fat globules within the chyme that enters the duodenum. Bile salts break up the fat globule into smaller fat droplets. This role of bile salts is best described as 
A. lipid digestion
B. lipid absorption
C. lipid ingestion
D. lipid emulsification
A

D. Emulsification

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28
Q 
Which water soluble vitamins are absorbed in the small intestines?
A. b complex and C vitamins
B. vitamins C and D
C. B complex and D vitamins
D. vitamins A and E
A

A

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29
Q 
How are fats absorbed into the lymph?
A. in the form of fatty acids and glycerol
B. in the form of glycerol
C. in the form of micelles
D. in the form of chylmicrons
A

D

30
Q 
Absorption of nutrients primarily occur in the 
A. large intestine
B. stomach
C. small intestine
D. mouth
A

C small intestine

31
Q 
Pepsinogen is secreted by
A. chief cells
B. salivary glands
C. goblet cells
D. acinar cells
A

Chief cells

32
Q 
The optimal pH for pepsin activity is...
A. 9
B. 7
C. 2
D. The activity is the same at pH of 2, 7, and 9
A

C. 2

33
Q

Which is not a characteristic of the large intestine?
A. exhibits external muscular bands called tenaiae coli
B. is longer than the small intestine
C. does not contain villi
D. Has pocket like sacs called haustra

A

B

34
Q

What is the formula to calculate the PO2?

A

760 x 0.219 (if the original number is 21.9, move decimal over 2x)

35
Q

What is the function of goblet cells?
A. Produce mucus that protects part of the digestive organ from the effects of powerful enzymes needed for food digestion
B. produce pepsin
C. absorb nutrients from digested food

A

Produce mucus that protects part of the digestive organ from the effects of powerful enzymes needed for food digestion

36
Q 
The absorptive effectiveness of he small intestine is enhanced by increasing the surface area of the mucosal lining. Which of the following accomplish this task?
A. vast array of digestive enzymes
B. Brunners glands and peyers patches
C. villi and microvilli
D. the rugae and haustra
A

Villi and microvilli

37
Q

Which of these best describes a lacteal?
A. projection of the small intestine wall designed to increase surface area
B. special capillaries in the villi designed for absorbing protein effectively
C. a lymphatic vessel designed to help introduce fats to the blood
D. deep pocket in the intestinal wall

A

C

38
Q 
Digestion and absorption of the following would be affected the most if the liver were severely damaged?
A. proteins
B. carbs
C. starches
D. lipids
A

Lipids

39
Q 
Which is not a secretion of the pancreas?
A. bile
B. enzymes
c. insulin
D. bicarbonate
A

bile

40
Q

Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed?

A

B12

41
Q

Which structure is found in the stomach but nowhere else in the alimentary canal?
A. muscle forming cells
B. oblique muscle layer
C. a circular muscle layer

A

B

42
Q

Which layer of the stomach contains the gastric pits that secret mucus, acid, and digestive enzymes?

A

Mucosa

43
Q 
Which of these is not a component of saliva?
A. metabolic waste
B. lysozyme
C. defensins
D. myxovirus
A

D

44
Q 
Maltose is a \_\_\_\_\_\_
A. disaccharide
B. type of starch
C. monosacc
D. complex carb
A

disaccharide

45
Q 
The capillaries that nourish the epithelium and absorb digested nutrients lie in the....
A. submucosa
B. lamina propria
C. adventitia
D. serosa
A

B

46
Q

From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ have four layers. Arrange them in order from the lumen

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa

47
Q 
The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold in the digestive tract in place are called
A. serosal lining
B. lamina propria
C. mucosal lining
D. mesenteries
A

D. mesentaries

48
Q 
Which layer of the alimentary canal is responsible for segmentation and peristalsis?
A. serosa
B. muscularis externa
C. mucosa
D. submucosa
A

B

49
Q

What is the function of the hepatic portal circulation?

A

Collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing in the liver

50
Q

_________ contains the brush border enzymes

A

Small intestine

51
Q

_______ produces an intrinsic factor

A

Stomach

52
Q

_____ causes both the liver and pancreas to secrete bicarbonate into the small intestine

A

secretin

53
Q

______ increases output of enzymatic-rich pancreatic juice

A

Cholecystokinin

54
Q

If the transpulmonary pressure equals zero, what will happen to the lung?

A

They will collapse

55
Q

In class we watched a video about ulcers. Dr. Marshall had an idea about a possible cause of ulcers. Briefly describe his idea and the experiment. What was the validation that he received 20 years after his experiment

A

He had the idea of ingesting a solution of patients bacteria into his otherwise healthy stomach and see if he could find out what is causing all these ulcers. He thought ulcers were caused by helicobacter pylori and received validation by winning the nobel prize in medicine

56
Q

Briefly but precisely explain the evolution of lactose intolerance?

A

not required for this exam????

57
Q

Describe the relationship between intrapulmonary pressure, atmospheric pressure, and air flow during normal inspiration and expiration, referring to Boyle’s law

A
58
Q

T or F: During internal respiration, exchange of O2 and CO2 occurs between lungs and the capillaries

A

False. Internal respiration occurs between tissue and capillaries

59
Q

T or F: Pleurisy is inflammation of the pleurae

A

True

60
Q

T or F: Nitrogen makes up 21% of air

A

False. Nitrogen makes up 78%

61
Q

T or F: O2 is 20 times more soluble in water than co2

A

False. CO2 is 20x more soluble in h2o than O2

62
Q

T or F: Respiratory membranes are very thick, approximately .5-1cm thick

A

False. Thin and around .5 to 1um

63
Q

T or F: Po2 tissue is always lower than Po2 in arterial blood capillaries

A

True, this is why O2 diffuses from capillaries to tissues

64
Q

T or F: Bacteria that reside in the large intestine make vitamin C

A

False; vitamin K

65
Q

T or F: Constipation can result if food passes too slowly through the large intestine

A

True

66
Q

T or F: The pancreas has both an endocrine and an exocrine function

A

T

67
Q

T or F: The only essential function of the stomach is to begin the digestion of proteins

A

False…the only essential function is to secrete intrinsic factor

68
Q

T or F: Pepsinogen is the precursor to the gastric enzyme for fat digestion and is secreted by the parietal cells

A

False, secreted by chief cells

69
Q

T or F: Some of the microbes that often invade other organs of the body are rarely found in the stomach. The reason for this is the presence of HCl

A

True

70
Q

T or F: Fats significantly delay the emptying of the stomach through hormonal and neuronal signals

A

True

71
Q

T or F: Mumps is an inflammation of the parotid glands caused by helicobacter pylori

A

False, caused by myxovirus

72
Q

T or F: The lamina propria is composed of loose connective tissue

A

True

Anatomy and Physiology II LECTURE (18 decks)

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