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A&P > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

Cardiac, smooth, and skeletal

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2
Q

What are the four properties of muscle tissue?

A

excitability (capable of changing its membrane potential like neurons), contractility, elasticity (recoil), and extensibility (elongate).

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3
Q

What kind of a cell creates muscle fiber?

A

myoblast

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4
Q

what kind of cell is responsible for repairing a muscle cell when it is damaged?

A

myosatellite (muscle stem cell)

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5
Q

How are muscle cells formed during embryonic development?

A

myoblasts merge and fuse together until a single muscle cell is multinucleated

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6
Q

Describe the nesting doll approach within a muscle:

A

Bundles of myofilaments make up microfibrils. Bundles of microfibrils make up myofibrils. Bundles of myofibrils make up a muscle cell. Bundles of muscle cells make up a fascicle. Bundles of fascicles make up a muscle.

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7
Q

Connective tissue above the muscle (the top most layer) that separates muscles from other muscles:

A

Epimysium

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8
Q

A long continuous sheet that separates fascicles from each other:

A

Perimysium

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9
Q

Long continuous sheet surrounding individual muscle fibers/cells:

A

Endomysium

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10
Q

The membrane layer directly under the endomysium:

A

Sarcolemma

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11
Q

These group together to form a muscle fiber:

A

myofibrils.

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12
Q

What wraps around each individual myofibril and acts as the endoplasmic reticulum within a muscle?

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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13
Q

Extensions of the sarcolemma (cell membrane) in a muscle cell that wrap around each individual microfibril:

A

Transverse tubules

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14
Q

Membranes consist of a _____ _____.

A

Phospholipid bilayer

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15
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum that forms a tube like structure on both sides of transverse tubules/ terminal cisternae:

A

Lateral sacs

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16
Q

Formed by one T tubule and two terminal cisternae:

A

Triad

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17
Q

What bundles together to make up microfibrils and is responsible for muscle contraction?

A

Myofilaments

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18
Q

List the two types of myofilaments

A

Actin and myosin

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19
Q

Which myofilament is thick and which one is thin?

A

Actin myofilament is thin and myosin myofilament is thick

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20
Q

Z line to Z line is one _____.

A

Sarcomere

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21
Q

Two strands of _____ _____ molecules form actin myofilaments, while two strands of _____ spiral around those molecules lengthwise. Widthwise, the _____ _____ wraps around the other two components.

A

G-actin protein, tropomyosin, troponin complex.

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22
Q

_____ and _____ directly connect to the Z line.

A

Actin and Titin

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23
Q

The ends of myosin myofilaments are made of _____ which is an _____ protein.

A

Titin, elastin

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24
Q

Is the inside of a cell more negative or positive than the outside of a cell? Why?

A

negative, because of the amino acids and proteins.

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25
Q

The membrane potential (mV) is _____ in voltage across a cell membrane.

A

different

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26
Q

There is always more ___ inside the cell compared to how much there is outside.

A

Potassium

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27
Q

There will always be less ___, ___, and ___, inside the cell compared to outside.

A

Sodium, chloride, and calcium

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28
Q

A _____ is a type of carrier that carries two (usually) substances in the same direction across a membrane. Ex. Na+/GLU secondary active transporter

A

Symporter

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29
Q

A _____ is a type of carrier that carries two substances in opposite directions across a membrane. Ex Na+/K+ ATPase pump

A

Antiporter

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30
Q

_____ solutions are solutions with higher amounts (concentrations) of solutes compared to the other solution.

A

Hypertonic

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31
Q

_____ solutions are a solution with lower concentrations of solutes compared to the other solution.

A

Hypotonic

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32
Q

Sodium has a net diffusion (into/out of) cells. What does this do to the charge of the cell?

A

into; becomes more positive

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33
Q

What is the resting membrane potential?

A

-90 mV

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34
Q

What is responsible for maintaining the concentration gradient?

A

Ion pumps

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35
Q

Pumps require _____ when moving molecules across a concentration gradient

A

ATP

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36
Q

What needs to happen for exocytosis to occur and neurotransmitters to be released?

A

Calcium must attach to a vesicle; its a calcium dependent process

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37
Q

Directly under the motor neuron exists the _____ _____ _____.

A

Motor end plate

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38
Q

_____ gated channels exist everywhere except the motor end plate, while _____ gated channels exist within the motor end plate only.

A

Voltage, chemical

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39
Q

Voltage gated channels must reach a threshold of ___ mV to open (from -90 mV)

A

-65 mV …or -64, -63, etc.

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40
Q

What are the three types of voltage gated channels?

A

potassium (K), calcium, and Sodium (Na)

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41
Q

What exists between the voltage gated channels?

A

Na & K leaky channels as well as Sodium Potassium ATPase pumps.

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42
Q

What type of voltage gated channel has two doors? Which one has only one door?

A

Sodium has two doors and potassium has one door.

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43
Q

Which voltage gated channel responds the quickest to the change in membrane potential? (they both sense it)

A

Na voltage gated channel opens and closes as K voltage gated channel begins to open.

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44
Q

Sodium ___, Potassium ___.

A

in, out

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45
Q

More sarcomeres = more _____.

A

force

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46
Q

Motor neuron synapses with muscle cells in what area of the cell?

A

The middle length.

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47
Q

True or false: Motor units mix and match

A

false

48
Q

List the three types of muscle fibers (motor units), their name, and their type:

A

Type I = slow / slow oxidative, Type IIa = intermediate/ fast aerobic, Type IIb = fast/ fast anaerobic

49
Q

Compare slow muscle fibers to fast muscle fibers:

A

Slow muscle (red) fibers are 1/2 the diameter, contain a lot of capillaries and mitochondira, and are good for endurance. Fast muscle (white) fibers have a lot of glycogen stores. They are both genetically determined.

50
Q

Which motor unit is not genetically determined? What is it determined by?

A

Intermediate/ fast aerobic; environmental conditions (fast can take on characteristics of intermediate due to training).

51
Q

List the four muscle fiber organizations:

A

Parallel muscles, circular muscles, convergent muscles, and pennate muscles.

52
Q

Name the muscle fiber organization: High endurance, most common type, “body” increases.

A

Parallel muscles

53
Q

Name the muscle fiber organization: Sphincters (round); used to control the movement of material.

A

Circular muscles

54
Q

Name the muscle fiber organization: associated with tendons, variable direction of limb movement

A

Convergent muscles

55
Q

Name the muscle fiber organization: Feather design, good for power and the strongest of all the groups

A

Pennate

56
Q

How do ions cross a membrane?

A

Facilitated diffusion and concentration gradient

57
Q

What happens to a protein when a chemical binds to it?

A

It changes shape

58
Q

Where do ions have to go once they cross a membrane? how do they get there?

A

They have to go back to where they came from by pumps.

59
Q

What does the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum store?

A

Calcium ions

60
Q

What happens to allow muscles to contract?

A

Ca2+ binds to troponin, troponin then changes shape, tropomyosin moves and uncovers the myosin binding site on actin filament, the myosin head attaches and pulls actin filaments towards the center which causes the muscle to contract.

61
Q

Where is acetylcholmesterase found?

A

The motor end plate only (where acetylcholine is found)

62
Q

Myosin heads have a high affinity. What happens to lower their affinity (desire for binding)?

A

When ATP attaches to myosin head.

63
Q

Name the three actions of skeletal muscles:

A

Agonist, antagonist, and synergist.

64
Q

What does the agonist do?

A

Produces specific movement when it contracts; its the prime mover

65
Q

What does the antagonist do?

A

It opposes movement

66
Q

What does the synergist do?

A

It’s the helper; creates smooth movement

67
Q

Myosin heads have a high affinity. What is on the myosin head that causes this?

A

ADP and phosphate

68
Q

What happens when the the affinity is lowered on a myosin head?

A

The head detaches from the actin filament, the myosin ATPase breaks ATP into ADP and phosphate, and the myosin head goes back into the starting position.

69
Q

Acetylcholinesterase forms a _____ binding with acetylcholine, which breaks acetylcholine into its monomers so that it can’t attach to chemical gated _____ channels.

A

ligen, sodium

70
Q

List the two types of skeletal muscle tension:

A

Isotonic and isometric contraction

71
Q

During _____ muscle tension, skeletal muscle changes in length and results in motion. During _____ muscle tension, skeletal muscle develops tension but is prevented from changing in length.

A

isotonic, isometric

72
Q

what happens when muscle tension is greater than the resistance (load)?

A

Concentric contraction occurs; muscle shortens (pulls closer to body)

73
Q

What happens when resistance (load) is greater than muscle tension?

A

eccentric contraction occurs; muscle lengthens (moves away from body)

74
Q

What is an example of isometric contraction?

A

Carrying something heavy in front of you

75
Q

True or false:

All myosin heads do a power stroke at the same time

A

False

76
Q

True or false:

Every sarcomere is involved in a contraction.

A

True

77
Q

How do muscle fibers shorten?

A

As sarcomeres shorten, muscles pull together to produce tension.

78
Q

What two things are involved in the contraction cycle?

A

Fibers shortening and contraction duration

79
Q

***What three things are involved in contraction duration?

A

Duration of neural stimulus, number of free calcium ions (which come from the lateral sac) in sarcoplasm, and availability of ATP

80
Q

List the three phases of a SINGLE muscle contraction (a.k.a. twitch)

A

Latent period, contraction phase, relaxation phase.

81
Q

Describe the latent period:

A

The time before the contraction begins once the stimulus is applied

82
Q

What causes relaxation of a muscle contraction? (list three ways)

A
  1. calcium concentrations diminish into the sarcoplasm by calcium pumps and tension decreases.
  2. Calcium detaches from troponin
  3. Sarcomeres remain contracted.
83
Q

What determines the force of a contraction?

A

The number of fibers involved, the size (diameter) of the fibers, frequency of stimulation (higher frequency=greater force) and the length of the muscle at the start of contractions.

84
Q

As mucle length increases, the ability of muscle tension (does/ does not) increase.

A

does NOT

85
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

The motor neuron and muscle fibers it interacts with.

86
Q

Describe recruitment tension:

A

Recruit more motor units as others begin to relax until they can take over again.

87
Q

List the five things that Energy is stored as:

A

ATP, CP, Glycogen, Lipids, and skeletal muscle

88
Q

What are the two ways that cells produce ATP?

A

Aerobic metabolism and Anaerobic metabolism

89
Q

_____ metabolism takes place in the mitochondria while _____ metabolism takes place in the cytoplasm.

A

Aerobic, anaerobic

90
Q

1 glycogen produces ___ pyruvic acids. 2 pyruvates produce ___-___ ATP.

A

2, 28-30

91
Q

Simplify glycolysis:

A

When glucose produces pyruvate acid

92
Q

Anaerobic metabolism relies on _____ and the use of _____.

A

Glycolysis, Creatine

93
Q

Aerobic metabolism relies on _____ _____, use of _____ _____, and use of _____ _____.

A

fatty acids, amino acids, and pyruvic acid.

94
Q

Oxygen is only required by the _____. It produces _____ and _____ as byproducts.

A

ETC, ATP, and H2O.

95
Q

ATP is the _____ energy molecule. The storage molecule for excess ATP energy in a resting muscle is _____.

A

Active, CP- Creatine phosphate.

96
Q

Energy transfer recharges ADP to ATP using the enzyme __________. When CP is all used up, the other mechanisms generate _____.

A

Creatine phosphokinase (CPK/ CK), ATP

97
Q

Creatine kinase allows ADP and creatine phosphate to become _____ and _____.

A

ATP and creatine

98
Q

creatine kinase allows ATP and creatine to become _____ and _____.

A

ADP and creatine phosphate

99
Q

Resting muscle: _____ are catabolized; the ATP produced is used to build energy reserves of _____, _____ and _____. Is oxygen required?

A

fatty acids, ATP, CP, and glycogen. yes.

100
Q

Moderate activity: _____ and _____ are catabolized. The ATP produced is used to power _____, Is oxygen required?

A

glucose and fatty acids, no.

101
Q

Peak activity: most ATP is produced through _____. Mitochondrial activity provides _____ of ATP consumed. Is oxygen required?

A

glycolysis, 1/3, no.

102
Q

Which of the following is not a part of the myofilaments structure?

  • troponin
  • titin
  • actin
  • tropomyosin
A

Titin

103
Q

How many neuromuscular junctions are present in a single muscle cell?

A

1

104
Q

A troponin complex has how many parts?

A

3

105
Q

What is the function of sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

Storage of ca2+

106
Q

During the excitation contraction process in skeletal muscle fibers:

A

Ca2+ floods the cytosol through voltage gated channels

107
Q

Ions that enter the skeletal muscle cell during the generation of an action potential come from:

A

Extracellular fluid

108
Q

How many ATP produced during glycolysis?

A

4

109
Q

List the three ways muscular force can be adjusted to match different loads (weight that changes):

A

Activation larger motor units, changing the frequency of action potentials sent to those fibers, and activating more motor units

110
Q

How many ATP used during the cori cycle?

A

6

111
Q

What makes the myosin head move back to the starting position?

A

ATP becoming ADP ?

112
Q

Interactions between actin and myosin myofilaments are responsible for :

A

Causing the sarcomere to shorten

113
Q

A resting muscle fiber generates most of its ATP by:

A

Aerobic metabolism of fatty acids

114
Q

Action potentials are conducted into a skeletal muscle cell due to:

A

Transverse tubules

115
Q

The most important factor in lowering the intercellular concentration of calcium found in the sarcoplasm of skeletal muscle cells is:

A

Active transport of calcium into the lateral sacs

A&P (4 decks)

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