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Flashcards in Exam 3 Deck (137)
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1
Q

What is the defining characteristic of E woodlands

A

deciduous trees

2
Q

onset of the holocene marked the ecological shift to

A

modern plant and animal communities

3
Q

joseph caldwell

A

primary forest efficiency

4
Q

diverse economies due to efficient exploitation if diverse deciduous forest foods and natural resources

A

primary forest efficiency

5
Q

diverse forest resources allowed archaic people to create

A

economic surplus and become more sedentary

6
Q

“unilineal evolution,” caldwell assumes that hunter-gatherers

A

evolve toward social complexity

7
Q

ecological approaches 1960s

A

optimal foraging theory

8
Q

OFT- archaic hunter-gatherers began as

A

simple egalitarian societies

9
Q

OFT as pop density increased, mobility becomes restricted, forcing people to

A

exploit smaller territories

10
Q

OFT- which then necessitated

A

more intensive and specialized exploitation of more limited sets or more narrow spectrum of food and material sources

11
Q

earliest archaic pattern?
central mississippian valleys and tributaries
variations on the same dart point style

A

Dalton tradition (8500-8000 bc)

12
Q

used adzes, among the first woodworking tools in the americas, adapted to rivers and bottomlands-fishing, cemeteries and caches of dart points

A

Dalton tradition

13
Q

deeply stratified archaic campsite, illinois bottomlands, 8000 bc- ad 1200

A

Koster site

14
Q

Horizon 11 at the koster site, 7500 bc

A

cooking facility, dart points, charred hickory nuts and grinding stone

15
Q

burials at the koster site

A

early archaic flexed burials, Atlatl “totem”, dog burials, grooved axes

16
Q

late archaic shell midden and cemetery 3000-2000 bc, green river culture

A

Indian Knoll

17
Q

found at Indian knoll:

A

objects with holes bored in them, shell midden, atlatl counter weights, antler hooks

18
Q

intensive, semi-sedentary riverine adaption,
fairly egalitarian, some status ascribed,
some burials with exotic goods,
some burials with trauma

A

green river culture

19
Q

found on the coast from south carolina to florida, 3000-1000 bc Late Archaic,
1-4 m in height
50-250 m in diameter
represent development of more complex social arrangements

A

Late archaic shell rings

20
Q

ideas of what the shell rings could be

A

feasting ritual monuments?

Domestic villages with houses on rings?

21
Q

oldest pottery in N America, south atlantic coast, 2500-1200 bc, some are textured and decorated

A

spanish moss tempered ware

22
Q

indigenous cultigens of north america

A

by 2500bc

marsh elder, sunflower, goosefoot, squash gourd

23
Q

indigenous cultigens of eastern north america, weedy camp followers lead to cultivated crops, horticulture/gardening, supplement hunter-gathering

A

eastern agricultural complex

24
Q

characteristics of late archaic-terminal archaic 2500-1000 bc

A

first production and use of pottery
first horticulture
elaboration of mound centered rituals
local and regional networks, social and economic

25
Q

1700-700 bc, six concentric ridges, five mounds within and outside ridges, one very large mound, around an extremely large plaza

A

poverty point

26
Q

mound A at poverty point

A

built all at once, 2nd largest to monks mound,

evidence shows it was not a burial mound, probably a monument itself

27
Q

all lithics from poverty point came from

A

Arkansas, the Ozarks

28
Q

the was a — and — industry at poverty point

A

bead making and lapidary

29
Q

pieces of fired clay shaped in different ways, , substitute for rocks, would hold heat, used in cooking

A

poverty point objects

30
Q

poverty point had the first

A

complex lower mississippi valley culture

31
Q

would could be antecedents to poverty point

A

lower jackson mound, watson brake

32
Q

NE Louisiana, middle archaic, 3500 bc, series of mounds around an open plaza, riverine adaptation

A

watson brake

33
Q

there is occuptational debris at watson brake on the

A

mounds, but little in the plaza

34
Q

there is a 1000 year gap

A

in louisiana, no mounds in lower mississippi valley

35
Q

woodland period

A

1000 bc- ad 1000

36
Q

woodland period economy

A

locally intensified foraging strategies increasingly supplemented by horticulture

37
Q

describe the pottery of the woodland period

A

grit tempered, cord marked, conical bases, increasingly sophisticated and multi-purpose

38
Q

woodland cultures- mortuary

A

elaborate mortuary ritual with large cemeteries and burial mounds

39
Q

largest adena mound complex found by squier and davis

A

wolf plains group

40
Q

some 70-80 feet high, built over a long time with burials and layers of earth added at intervals

A

adena mounds

41
Q

graves creek mound
miamisburg mound
williamsburg mound

A

adena mounds

42
Q

adena settlement

A

small hamlets and villages 30-50 people. scattered along rivers and tributaries

43
Q

adena mortuary ritual, after 500 bc

A

burial mounds increase in ritual significance

44
Q

variety and complexity of grave goods indicate a developing

A

stratified society

45
Q

burial mounds typically covered

A

burial log structures, charnal houses?

46
Q

highly stylized human and bird figures, bilateral symmetry totemic designs, perhaps clan emblems

A

adena engravings

47
Q

religious beliefs and rituals of the adena reflected by

A

increasingly elaborate treatment of the dead

48
Q

adena society was not one united society, but

A

numerous small scale interacting societies

49
Q

artifact bearing transformative were the focus of

A

adena shamanistic societies

50
Q

middle woodland period

A

ca 200 bc - ad 500

51
Q

trade/exchange of exotic materials, standardized ritual objects, and shared ritual practices

A

hopewell interaction sphere

52
Q

in ohio, 3 km of earthworks enclosing 130 acres and 40 mounds,

A

hopewell site

53
Q

largest burial mound in NA, found cut pounded copper, mica figurines, copper antler plate

A

mound 25 hopewell

54
Q

recorded by squier and davis, great mica grave, crematory basin

A

mound city, ohio

55
Q

fagan: symbolic geography, circular with square offshoot. s

A

major geometric earthworks

56
Q

traces of this, uplifted between major sites

A

great hopewell road

57
Q

most “spectacular” hopewell earthworks, octagon as lunar observatory

A

newark earthworks

58
Q

new evidence suggests that these are later, but they are attributed to adena and hopewell

A

effigy mounds

59
Q

these were found at hopewell sites

A

exotic materials: ceramic figurines, gorgets, bifaces, effigy pipes, obsidian

60
Q

these have feet, elaborate designs, held off the ground,

ceremonial vessels, consistent form and decoration

A

hopewell pottery

61
Q

from mound city, bear canine effigy

A

mica sheet figurines

62
Q

this metal was found as pendants, plates, etc

A

copper

63
Q

here they found timber tombs and burial chambers, around 170 graves, ceremonial “big house”

A

edwin harness mound

64
Q

hopewell clan house? kept sacred items and carried out ceremonies

A

brown’s bottom

65
Q

shamanistic transformation shown in these, through trance and vision

A

hopewell figurines

66
Q

the hopewell interaction sphere wasn’t just socially connected but

A

genetically

67
Q

caddo confderacies

A

Kadohadacho

hasinai

68
Q

mr moon high priest

A

xinesi

69
Q

village leaders

A

caddi

70
Q

enforcers

A

tammas

71
Q

elders

A

canahas

72
Q

environment of the caddo

A

piney woods with cutout prairies

hardwoods with nuts

73
Q

caddo villages were

A

dispersed in hamlets, expected of farmers, platform mounds, beehive with thatch

74
Q

middle woodland ad 100-200, related to hopewell, but not hopwell per se, boat stones, possibly a rattle, copper from lake superior

A

Jonas Short Mound

75
Q

middle woodland, southwestern frontier, hopewell interaction sphere, represents the southwestern frontier of hopwell interaction sphere

A

coral snake mound

76
Q

SW Arkansas ad 600-1100, “emerging caddo” red river and ouachita river drainage, black middens, large tombs with sacrifice burials, plaza of the skulls,

A

crenshaw site

77
Q

“mother culture” of the caddo, recognized as a lack midden archaeologically, mass burials

A

fourche maline

78
Q

WPA 1930s, and then UT, Mound A, C, found dozens of outlines for temple/residences, “ceremonial maze” shaft tomb,

A

George C Davis site

79
Q

at the george c davis site, filled with selective colors of clay, intrusion, shaft tomb

A

mound C

80
Q

at the george c davis site, platform mound, “inner precinct”

A

mound A

81
Q

george c davis site dates

A

ad 800-1300

82
Q

track the rise and fal of the george c davis site

A

ritual center, mounds renewed and rebuilt, community expanded, connected to parallel communities, abandoned orderly, intentionally buried mounds

83
Q

example of middle caddo village

A

oak hill village 1200-1400

84
Q

early caddo houses were—, middle caddo were—, late caddo villages had

A

rectangular, circular, “special building” presumably for caddi

85
Q

this time of the caddo had distinct territories, allied social groups, bound by kinship, dialect, ritual, economy, intentionally smashed bowls,

A

late caddo

86
Q

what stone did the caddo mine from the ouachita mtns near hot springs

A

novaculite

87
Q

compared to other mississippian villages, the caddo were

A

less nucleated, dispersed settlements, no fortification

88
Q

compared to other mississippian societies the caddo were

A

cohesive societies bound by language, kinship, and alliances, they quickly and effectively gathered people for aid

89
Q

all major sites of the mississippian world were

A

on water, possibly for moving goods and people, a lot of them are fortified

90
Q

miss site in southwest illinois, built on a high floddplain of the miss, contains monks mound

A

cahokia

91
Q

believed that cahokia was the center of a theater state, a state directed towards drama and ritual

A

Julie Holt

92
Q

this site had 120 earthen mounds over 6 sq miles, major center built quickly ca ad 1050-1150

A

cahokia

93
Q

enormous mortuary structure, originally 3 mounds but then covered as one, lots of different burials, chunky stones,

A

mound 72

94
Q

this took thousands of trees, possibly not purely defensive

A

log palisade at cahokia

95
Q

giant posts in a circle, astronomical orientations

A

“woodhenge” at cahokia

96
Q

cahokia experienced rapid decline by

A

1300

97
Q

this miss site was most powerful after 1200

A

moundville

98
Q

this site has the largest burial occupation in any site in north america, known for elaborate iconography

A

moundville

99
Q

it is argued hat the layout of moundville reflects

A

social hierarchy

100
Q

dates of etowah mounds

A

950-1400s

101
Q

describe the layout of etowah mounds

A

high density settlement outside of the walls, nucleated, compacted, fortified

102
Q

a node of ritual intensification within an existing religious system

A

cult

103
Q

part of the miss ritual, found at etowah, social order was “ranked: and governed by “divine chiefs”

A

chiefly warfare

104
Q

the leader at etowah was a

A

paramount chief

105
Q

for the southeast ceremonial complex, elite status was publically validated through

A

ritual objects

106
Q

caddo site in oklahoma, craig mound, heavily looted

A

spiro

107
Q

dates of spiro

A

1400

108
Q

what was one of the most used mediums of the southeastern ceremonial complex

A

lightning whelk

109
Q

Mississippian cultures emerge

A

ad 900

110
Q

mississippian climax in

A

1200-1400

111
Q

mississippian culture lingers into

A

the 1600s

112
Q

“people of the first light”

A

wampanoag, Tisquantum, met the pilgrims in 1620

113
Q

describe the subsistence patterns of some of the groups living along the atlantic coast

A

split existence: essentially hunter-gatherer-fishers, but were practicing maize agriculture

114
Q

“conditional sedentism”

A

when things were going well they could stay in a place longer

115
Q

northeastern algonquian fishing technologies

A

used weirs, spears, canoes, hook and line to hunt in marine, estuaries, riverine, lakes/ponds, marshes

116
Q

prep and preservation used by algonquians

A

boiling, steaming pits, drying racks, storage pits

117
Q

these were found in boston, about 30 ft down, from 3000-1500 bc

A

boylston street fishweirs

118
Q

related central algonquian language groups

A

anishanaabe

119
Q

people of the longhouse

A

haudenosaunee

120
Q

dates of the Owasco

A

ca 1000

121
Q

what materials were preferred by the owasco

A

onondaga chert

122
Q

iroquois pottery

A

collared, peaked, decorated around the rim

123
Q

secret medicine society that revolved around healing

A

false face society

124
Q

idea that the iroquois developed from the point peninsula to the Owasco and then into the 5 nations

A

classic in situ model, dean smith

125
Q

cherokee and iroquois split language wise by–, which supports the —- hypothesis

A

900

migration

126
Q

one of the most impactful expeditions in the us

A

de soto

127
Q

earliest spanish and continuously occupied europeam established settlement in america,

A

St. Augustine

128
Q

st augustine was founded near the center of the — people

A

Timucua

129
Q

the Timucua vanished by the early

A

1800s

130
Q

charms against the evil eye found at st augustine

A

figas

131
Q

In maine, established by the english and abandoned in 1608

A

ft st george

132
Q

popham colony, competitor of jamestown, founded near the

A

kennebic river

133
Q

the popham colony/ft st george was found using a map drawn by

A

john hunt

134
Q

what was found on board the la belle

A

a french colony “kit”

135
Q

18th century capital of spanish texas, some of the soldiers here were recruited out of jails in new spain

A

Los Adaes

136
Q

at los adaes, part of a large cooking pit, four cow jaws,

A

house of the Curandera

137
Q

the house of the curandera was a part of

A

Curanderismo, the art of folk healing