Exam 2 Rest of Lec Notes and Missed Notes Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Exam 2 Rest of Lec Notes and Missed Notes Deck (34)
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1
Q

lower blood pressure, stop firing …

A

baroreceptors

2
Q

… is increased with higher BP

A

firing of baroreceptors

3
Q

hypothalamus directly responsible in changing BP in response to stress, also regulates body temp by getting chemical signals to increase body temp - only immune cells that produce cytokines called … (fire makers - released for things like viral infections)

A

pyrogens

4
Q

… increases blood volume whereas … decreases it by having kidneys eliminate more fluid per hour

A

aldosterone; atrial natriuretic peptide

5
Q

baroreceptors don’t have

A

fixed point

6
Q

…: spaces between ribs

A

intercostal spaces

7
Q

don’t want heart to experience friction because this would …, leading to development of … –> thus we limit friction by presence of …

A

damage tissue; noncontractile scar tissue;

pericardium

8
Q

… is where you can measure pt of maximal intensity

A

apex of heart

9
Q

lungs encased in double walled sacs called …

A

pleura

10
Q

heart wouldn’t be as efficient if it had … muscle fibers

… like arrangement that allows it to squeeze from the …

A

parallel;
spiral;
bottom up

11
Q

…: wall separating two identical chambers

A

septum

12
Q

interventricular arteyr: … artery in the heart, except for aorta, aka …
heart attacks here typically ftal

A

largest; widowmaker

13
Q

external line of demarcation is the

A

interventricular septum

14
Q

vena cava and coronary sinus deliver … blood, coronary sinus is the “main dumping vein” for the heart’s own blood delivery system

A

oxygen poor

15
Q

heart tissue is too … to allow for diffusion of blood into the muscles which is why its own system of … and … is essential

A

thick;

arteries; veins

16
Q

anastomoses are junctions that …

… help to ensure that the heart won’t necessarily die if there are minor blockages

A

connect major blood vessels;

collateral routes

17
Q

angina: over time, lack of oxygen will …

slowing down … being delivered per min

A

weaken heart cells;

total volume

18
Q

with myocardial infarction, … increases greatly and sometimes obstruction can be dislodged, but if blockage was prolonged, muscles are … so this doesn’t really happen

A

blood pressure;

weakened

19
Q

when damaged, heart can start contracting more forcibly to the point that it …

A

tears myocardium

20
Q

…: much stronger than Z discs in skeletal muscle tissue, have … - strongest intercellular connectors

A

intercalated discs

desmosomes

21
Q

intercalated discs:
desmosomes keep heart from tearing itself apart with …
…: most efficient way to send signal from one cell to another
functional syncytium refers to the fact that it is an …

A

major contractions;
gap junctions;
electrically coupled pump

22
Q

myofibril: lined up so that light and dark sections are lined up which gives muscles very … appearance

A

organized

23
Q

in the middle where Myomesin is is where we have no actin filaments –> this is what we call the … zone which appears lighter than the rest of the A band but not as light as I band

A

H zone

24
Q

T tubules run parallel to z discs of each individual sarcomere, such that when the action potential reaches the muscle, the ions flow into the interior of the t tubules and change the … throughout all of the …, not just outside but into interior of the muscle cell and in between each of these individual myofibrils

A

voltage; sarcolemma;

25
Q

neuromuscular junction in middle of each fiber - don’t have to worry about diffusion causing a … traveling through the muscle - signal propagates at the same speed in both directions, leading to ….

A

ripple; coordinated contraction

26
Q

Synaptic cleft is small so Ach diffuses instantly and binds to Ach ligand gated channels, which change shape, sodium rushes in to cause …, wave propagates as Ach continues to be dumped into synaptic cleft, and when there’s a high enough conc of sodium ions, voltage gated sodium channels open, more sodium rushes in – this is the initiation of the action potential
 K+ channel delay is… than in neurons bc contraction takes longer

A

end plate potential; longer

27
Q

EPO is hormone that is necessary for erythropoiesis, but will not work without … (obvi bc then you cant make RBCs)

A

iron

28
Q

sickle cell anemia- hydrophobic amino acid residues becoming exposed, distorting shape of hemoglobin and hemoglobin then stack on top of one another to bury hydrophobic residue, forming a …

A

sickle shaped cell

29
Q

…: chemical signals that leukocytes follow through …to areas of inflammation, where they look for the source of inflammation

A

chemokines; chemotaxis

30
Q

interleukin-2: triggers things like T and B cells to make copies of themselves - …
other hormones like colony stimulating factor cause… to increase in number

A

clonal proliferation;

granulocytes

31
Q

lumen of blood vessels have proteins that coat … inhibit platelet clotting
NO and prostacyclin also stop thrombin from getting activated

A

interior of blood vessels

32
Q

if you need to cool down, … occurs to allow for heat dissipation

A

vasodilation

33
Q

smooth muscle on arteries also allows for some … due to heartbeat

A

shock absorption

34
Q

capillaries is where we regain fluid from the

A

lymphatic system