Coffee drinking spread from …
Turkey and Arabia to Europe
This is the most popular stimulant in the world.
Caffeine
caffeine is a _______ stimulant but as with any drug, excessive use leads to problem
mild
tolerance occurs:
more and more cups required to achieve the same effect
Generally how many cups of coffee per day result in dependence?
6
Withdrawal symptoms from caffeine include:
headaches and sleepiness
Caffeine use increases:
anxiety
how does caffeine work in the brain
by blocking the receptors for adenosine, a natural brain chemical that causes drowsiness
1 demitasse espresso=
200mg
1 cup brewed American=
100mg
1 can of red bull=
83mg
1 Vivarin tablet=
200mg
1 can Spike Shooter=
300mg
Tabacco was introduced to _____ by ______
Europe
Christopher Columbus
In the 19th and 20th cent. what was the original method of use of tobacco?
Smoking in a pipe
When did cigarette smoking spread quickly in the US?
from 1920 to the early 70s
this allowed for deeper smoke inhalation
milder tobacco strains
In the 1920’s this was marketed to who
“Camel”
women, young people, and dieters
What contributed to more people smoking cigarettes?
the invention of automatic cigarette rolling machine, free samples, recognition of economic value of tobacco crops, and the additive properties of nicotine
What is the dosage of tobacco that is absorbed in the lungs from smoking a cigarette?
1mg
What is the dosage of tobacco that is absorbed by the mucus membranes in the mouth from chewing tobacco?
4.5mg
Physical Effects:
Nicotine disrupts…
neurotransmitter balance:
endorphines
dopamine
acetylcholine
Nicotine does what to the body?
constricts blood vessels, raises heart rate, depresses appetite, produces a mild euphoria, and deadens senses
________ of chemicals are released when tobacco is burned.
100s
___ and ____ irritate tissues and _______ are known carcinogens
tar and heat
nitrosamines
___________ ________ irreversibly binds to the hemoglobin of _____ ___ ___ which does what?
carbon monoxide
red blood cells
reduces ability to carry oxygen to the body tissues including the heart
Heart disease from tobacco:
cardon monoxide accelerates the process of atherosclerosis
what is atherosclerosis?
the hardening and narrowing of arteries supplying blood to the heart
What are the percentages for lung disease and cancer?
85% of men and 75% of women with lung cancer smoke
WHat is fetal effect?
less oxygen for the fetus due to carbon monoxide TF, leading to premature birth and low n=birth weight newborns
What are some forms of smokeless tobacco?
moist snuff and loose leaf
Absorption of nicotine takes longer with _____ than with _____.
smokeless than with smoked tobacco
though absorption of nicotine takes longer with smokeless tobacco then with smoked tobacco;
more nicotine reaches the blood and increases in heart rate and bold pressure are more pronounced
with the use of smokeless tobacco, lung cancer rates…
decrease
Chewing tobacco;
increases levels of gum disease and increases rates of throat, mouth, and esophageal cancer.