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Neuroanatomy > Exam #2: Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Exam #2: Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two general functions of the basal ganglia?

A

1) Inhibition of involuntary movements at rest

2) Starting & stopping voluntary movements

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2
Q

Specifically, what movements does the basal ganglia inhibit?

A
  • Tremors
  • Chorea
  • Tics
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3
Q

Specifically, what voluntary movements does the basal ganglia facilitate?

A
  • Initiating movement
  • Maintaining normal speed of movement
  • Stopping movement
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4
Q

What are the five major nuceli that compose the basal ganglia?

A

1) Caudate nucleus
2) Putamen
3) Globus Pallidus
4) Subthalamic Nucleus
5) Substantia nigra

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5
Q

What are the two components of the “Lentiform Nucleus?”

A
  • Putamen
  • Globus Pallidus

*Note that Lentiform= “Lens-shaped” i.e. appearance on cross-section

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6
Q

What are the components of the “Corpus Striatum?’

A
  • Caudate Nucleus
  • Putamen
  • Globus Pallidus (or pallidum)
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7
Q

What is the striatum?

A
  • Putamen
  • Caudate nucleus

**vs. Corpus Striatum that contains that Globus Pallidus as well

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8
Q

What is the Pallidum?

A

This is another name for the Globus Pallidus

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9
Q

What white matter tract runs between the lentiform & caudate?

A

Internal capsule

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10
Q

Where is the caudate in reference to the lateral ventricle?

A

Inferior and lateral

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11
Q

What is the striatum? What are the three major inputs to the striatum?

A
  • Putamen & caudate nucleus

1) Cortex
2) Thalamus
3) Substantia nigra

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12
Q

What are the corticostriate fibers?

A

Input fibers from cortex to the striatum

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13
Q

What are the thalamostriate fibers?

A

Input fibers from the thalamus to the striatum

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14
Q

What are the nigrostriate fibers?

A

Input fibers from the SN to the striatum

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15
Q

What are the dopaminergic neurons from the SN primarily associated with behaviorly?

A

Movement

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16
Q

What does the loss of DA neurons in the SN result in, in PD?

A

Inability to INHIBIT unwanted movements

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17
Q

What is the two major outputs from the striatum?

A

Output from the Striatum is funneled to the:

1) GLOBUS PALLIDUS via striatopallidal fibers
2) SUBSTANTIA NIGRA via straitonigral fibers going to the SN

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18
Q

What are the two major inputs to the pallidum?

A

1) STRIATUM via the striatopallidal fibers

2) SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS via the subthalamaic fasiculus

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19
Q

What is the major output from the pallidum?

A

1) THALAMUS via pallidothalmic fibers

2) SUBTHALAMUS via pallidosubthalamic fibers i.e. the subthalamic fasiculus

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20
Q

What are the major divisions of the Pallidothalamic fibers? Where are they going?

A

1) LENTICULAR FASICULUS
2) ANSA LENTICULARIS

**BOTH are going to the THALAMUS

21
Q

What nuclei are the Pallidothalamic fibers traveling to in the thalamus?

A

1) VENTRAL ANTERIOR nuclei of the THALAMUS
2) VENTRAL LATERAL nuclei of the THALAMUS

VA/VL–these are the motor nuclei of the thalamus

22
Q

Draw the motor loop of the basal ganglia. What is the purpose of this loop?

A

Information relayed from basal ganglia to motor cortical areas

Cortex

  • Supplementary motor cortex*
  • Somatosensory cortex
  • Primary motor cortex
  • Premotor cortex

Striatum
Pallidum
Thalamus

23
Q

Draw the association loop of the basal ganglia. What is the purpose of this loop?

A

Planning & direction of movement

Cortex

  • Prefrontal cortex= decision making*
  • Premotor cortex
  • Posterior parietal cortex

Striatum
Pallidum
Thalamus

24
Q

Draw the Oculomotor loop of the basal ganglia. What is the purpose of this loop?

A

Integration of eye movements & visual guidance

Cortex

  • Frontal eye field*
  • Prefrontal cortex
  • Posterior parietal cortex

Striatum–>Superior colliculus
Pallidum
Thalamus

25
Q

Draw the limbic loop of the basal ganglia. What is the purpose of this loop?

A

Emotional & motivational influences on movements

Cortex

  • Anterior cingulate gyrus*
  • Orbitofrontal cortex*
  • Hippocampus
  • Amygdala
  • Entorhinal area

Striatum= specifically, the Nucleus Accumbens
Pallidum
Thalamus

26
Q

Where do the “closed” loops go back to?

A

Cortex

27
Q

What is the general function of the primary motor cortex?

A

Execution

28
Q

What is the general function of the premotor cortex?

A

Orientation

29
Q

What is the general function of the PFC?

A

Planning movement

30
Q

What is the general function of the posterior parietal cortex?

A

Visual guidance

31
Q

What is the general function of the frontal eye field?

A

Visual tracking

32
Q

What is the general function of the superior colliculus?

A

Visual reflexes

33
Q

What is the general function of the inferior colliculus?

A

Auditory reflexes

34
Q

What is the general function of the amygdala?

A

Emotion

35
Q

What is the general function of the entorhinal area?

A

Olfactory information

36
Q

What is the nucleus accumbens?

A

This is a subnucleus of the striatum that processes the emotional aspects of movement

37
Q

Where is the nucleus accumebens on cross-section?

A

Area where the caudate & putamen come together–anterior

38
Q

Is the pallidum excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Inhibitory

39
Q

Is the thalamus excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Excitatory

40
Q

What is the general function of the indirect pathway?

A

Increased inhibition & suppression of inappropriate movements

41
Q

What is the general function of the direct pathway?

A

Excitation of the cortex via disinhibition of the thalamus–allows voluntary movements

42
Q

Define dyskinesia.

A

Unintentional, disorderly, & purposeless movements

43
Q

Define athetosis.

A

Condition in which the individual displays slow, vermicular or “worm-like” involuntary movements

44
Q

Define hemiballismus.

A

Condition of involuntary ballistic or striking movements on one side of the body

45
Q

Define bradykinesia.

A

Slowness in the execution of movement

46
Q

Define chorea.

A

Sequence of rapid, jerky, & somewhat agile flowing movements of the hands, feet, tongue, & facial muscles

47
Q

What are the current diagnostic criteria for Tourette’s Syndrome?

A

A. Both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics have been present at some time during the illness, although not necessarily concurrently.

B. The tics may wax and wane in frequency but have persisted for more than 1 year since first tic onset.

C. Onset is before age 18 years.

D. The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., cocaine) or another medical condition (e.g., Huntington’s disease, postviral encephalitis).

48
Q

In Huntington’s Disease, neurons of what “loop (direct vs. indirect) degenerate?

A

Indirect

49
Q

In Huntington’s Disease, specifically what neurons degenerate?

A

Striatal GABAergic neurons, which results in a loss of GABA inhibitory influence via the striatonigral pathway

Neuroanatomy (36 decks)

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