sensation
experience ass. w/ sound and light
initial reaction
sense organs take in stim.
perception
organization of stim
interpreted for reaction
consciously aware
physical stim
poke or sting that contacts sense organs
physiol. response
ele. act. in sense organs
sensory experi.
subjective sensation of light, sound, touch etc
receptor cell
responds phys. stim
produ ele. charges for action potential
transduction
recp. cell responds to stim
sensory neuron (CNS)
relay signals frm cell to brain
receptor pot.
ele. charge from transduction
partial depolar.
fun- activ. neuron + cause act. pot.
qualitative stim
type or kind
determined by which neurons firing
ex. salad v coke
quantitative stim
amount or strength
determined by rate of firing
act pot/sec
sensory adaptation?
not true
we adjust to situation and perception inc as sensativity dec
ex. music in car in morning v night
going outside after being in all day
oflaction
sense smell
neurons can vary in type and strength (based off #/second)
identify given smell
ratio of receptor activation
flavor
comes from connection btw pharynx and nasal cavity
pheromone
chem signals info to others
can be detected
are produced
vomeronasal organ
detect pheromones
taste categories
sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami (savory)
taste buds
no distinct area on tongue
40-150 receptor cells
pain receptors
sens. neuron
a-delta pain fiber
myelin, fast,
localized
affected press. and temp extremes
c pain fiber
unmyelin, slow
widespread
affected by chem. change
gate control theory of pain
gate at lower brain stem + spinal cord only feel pain passes thru controlled by PAG periqueductal grey area can be excitatory or inhibitory
affect PAG
ele. stim opiates ex. heroin endorphines produ. by body neurotrans/hormon some chem can be b/
analgesia
absense of sense of pain
controlled by endorp.
stress induced analgesia
delays pain response
pain not felt till after stressful sit.
ex. sports
belief-induced analgesia
ex. placebo effect or runners high
aspects of sound
amplitude- perceived loudness
frequency- perceived pitch
amplitude
height of wave= physical
loudness= psych concept
frequency values
most hear 20Hz
optimal 12-24Hz
path of hearing through ear
sound waves make timpan. mem vibrate ear drum makes bones vibrate stirrup makes oval window vibrate oval w makes cochlea vibrate cochlear fluid mvmnt triggers hairs hairs make ele. signal that goes to brain
conduction deafness
most common
where bones don’t vibrate w much intensity
sensorineural deafness
problem btw stirrup and cochlea comm.
percieved loudness
mre hairs move = louder
pitch and distance
farther dis= lower pitch (bass)
shorter dis= higher pitch
pitch and frequency
lower pitch- slow vibra closer to apex of coch
higher pitch- fast vibra closer to base of coch
light
color percieved
400-700 nanom
type of rad in ligh
electromag
cornea
clear tissue helps focus light
iris
changes pupil size
pupil
hole in iris
lens
behind pupil
focuses light
deteriorates/ stiffens w/ age
retina
mem at back eye
contains recep cells (cones and rods)
transducts
cone and rod activation
after light hits back of eye and is reflected
light reflection
good= see at night (cat) bad= see during day (human)
rods
black and white dim light all over retina low acuity (clearness) high sensitivity rhodopsin
cones
color bright light most in fovea outer peripheral color memorized by light high acuity (clearness) low sen. 3 different photopigments
receptor potential
leads to act. pot.
photochem cause elec. change acrost mem when hit by light
subtractive color mixing
diff. wavelengths= diff. percieved light
additive color mixture
mix lights
mix all lights= white light
3 primaries law
3 wavelengths can make all colors
law of complementarity
2 specific wavel mixed can make white light
trichromatic theory
cells in retina 3 pigments absorb diff. wavel
wave len. values
short- 425
medium- 525
long- 560
subtractive color
color pigments mixing
additive color
wavelength mixing
colorblind
assign two diff wavelen. same percieved color
most common wavelengths gone= long and medium
fewer than 3 cones
more common in men
opponent process theory
blue-yellow
red-green
only need two types of cells vs 3
law of complimentarity
2 colors in additive color mixing (wavel) = white light
complimentarity of afterimage
agrees w/ opponent theory and NOT tricolor
incentive
goal motivated to obtain
or
reinforcer, reward and goal
strong drive =
object becoming more desirable
ex. deprived of food for extended amnt time
strong incentive=
strong drive
homeostasis
balanced internal body functions
ex. temp, blood glucose
regulatory drive
preserve homeo.
need to survive
ex o2
non-reg. drive
not need to live
ex. gambling or netflix binging
central state theory of drives
separate central drive systm for e/ drive
diff drive = diff. neural act.
drive reduction theory
primary and secondary drive
primary drive
don’t require learning
ex. hunger
secondary drive
have to be learned
ex. money
drive v incentive difference
drive= internal incentive= external
hunger study
lesion of brain bilaterally
stimulate brain
chem and ele.
knockout animals (missing specific genes)
lateral area of brain hypoth
lose appetite if gone
if stim area will eat more
removing lateral area NOT equal hunger
affects goal orienting functioning and not specifically hunger
ventromedial prt hypothal
satisfactory center if working stops hunger drive if damaged causes excessive hunger
hunger affects
signals from stomach to brain sign. how much energy in blood amount stored in fat appetizing effect (looks good) environment and cultural habits and friends
DNA and hunger not reliable
changes in weight happen faster than genetic change in pop.
ppl have dissimilar dna but same environment/ behavior patterns
overestim.- role genetics
underestim- role environ/ beh.
arousal
physiological reactions
ex. fight or flight
emotion
psychological experience
ex. can’t tell through blood test
emotion and arousal relationship
emotion leads to arousal
common sense theory
stim leads to emotion
emotion leads to arousal
ex. when see someone hot
James-Lange theory
proposed 1887
perception then bodily arousal then emotion
body response triggers fear
cannon-bard theory
emotion and bodily arousal happen at same time after perception
schachter-singer theory
the type of emotion determ by perception
intensity of emotion determ by bodily arousal
emotion can feed back into perception
ex. think something is bigger bc was scarier
circadian rhythm
24 hr cycle
controlled by nervous system
ex. body temp and appetitie
EEG
electroencephalogram
gross record avg electrical act in brain
alpha wave
awake and relaxed
short but frequent
beta wave
awake and alert
inc. REM
high and less freq
theta wave
appears in stage 1
not as frequen as alpha
delta wave
stage 2-4
deep sleep
stage 1
transition stage
alpha wave
2-4 stages
slow wave sleep
musc. tension, heart rate + breathing dec
person harder to wake
sleep thoughts
not dreams
during 2-4
occur when awakening in 2-4
REM sleep
beta waves brain- active, body-relaxed breathing + hr inc rapid eye mvmnt dreams
sleep cycle
1-4, 3,2, REM, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, REM, 2 etc
morning- REM
night- Slow waves
restoration theory
more activity = more sleep (slow wave)
ex. marathon runner
doesn’t correlate w/ cat and cow ex
preservation and protection theory
evolve to sleep when food needs met
food is not avaliable
environment is safe
when won’t be eaten
insomnia
can’t sleep
most common disorder
when get enough sleep but still don’t feel good
REM (dreaming)
inc. illusion of vivid visual/ aud sensations
longer time spent in REM = mre detailed dream
nondreamers have dreams when woken up in REM
REM factors
more often in children
unstim. neurons can degenerate
can occur in non-humans
stim neuron dream theory
motor twitches and hallucinations side effects
new memories dream theory
dreams help strenghten
ex. after studying
cornea mvmnt dream theory
cornea needs move to get oxygen
rapid eye mvmnt needed maintain healthy vision
dreams are side effect
Nisbett and Wilson- accent ex
1977
ppl’s body language lead to reaction accent
ex. cold= accent irritating
warm= accent intriguing
Valins/ Ray 1967
Zimbardo, Cohen, Weisenberg, Dworkin and Firestone 1969
thought process lead to opinion change
opinion change= beh. change
Nisbett and Wilson- Tide ex
asked memorize words
then do association task
Ex. memorize words ocean and waves
more likely to name Tide as laundry detergent
Nisbett and Wilson- Stocking ex
all thought rightmost stocking was best
eventhough all were same
reason= last one touched, and still fresh in mem.
Nisbett and Wilson 1977- reading ex.
subjects guessed they would choose longest passage = greater emotional impact
*ppl actually didn’t report this reason at all in conclusion
decison making according to Nes + Wil
ppl don’t have access to cognitive process
brain can’t percieve own self/ thought process
ppl cannot read own minds
so make inferences (guesses) that seem reasonable
Johansson, Hall, Sikstrom and Olsson 2005- attractive ex w/ pics
people could explain why picked M just as well as why picked NM, eventhough they didn’t even pick M at all!
if ppl had access to own cog processes
would be unable say why M is more attractive then NM
Nisbett+ wilson interview ex 1976
nothing ppl predicted (experience, education, prev. job) impacted their decision
more worried about spilled coffee
North, Hargreaves mcKendrick 1999- wine ex
wine sale german v french
ppl claimed music didn’t effect purchase
Uhlmann and Cohen 2005- police cheif ex
independant var gender applicant skill set admin v street result- more ppl liked the man reguardless of what skill
physician and extra money ex
claim that money doesn’t effect decision in patient health
Marijuana types
cannabis ruderalis
cannabis sativa
cannabis indica
phytocannabinoids
bio active substances THC cannabidoil cannabinol n-alklamide b-caryophyllene
herbal marijuana
contains synthetic cannabinoid
differences in oral and inhalation of marijuana
oral- passes through liver
not get high as fast bc half is metabolized
inhalation- easier dosage control
lungs, circ. and brain
cannabinoid recp
found in brain and body
exogenous cannabinoids v endogenous cannabindoids
exo- ex thc
endo- neurotransm
activation of cannabinoid recep
inc dopamine (addiction center)
THC absorption
fat
released overtime
biological risk w/ marijuana
inc appetite
impaired motor control
reduces pain
mental affects w/ marijuana
heavy- mild memory, learning and attention impairment
normal- no impairment
light headed, dizzy, relaxation, altered perception of time
higher does = anxiety
not huge/ practical but do have stat. sig.
marijuana and sleep
schierenbeck 2008
dec REM inc. stage 4
makes sleepy
strange dreams
amotivational syndrome
not relevant anymore
evidence in 60s originally
heavy and light users
diff. in psychomotor speed after 28 days
could affect adolescents more than adults in long term