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Flashcards in Exam 2 Deck (47)
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1
Q

Five problems each culture must address:

A

What is the

  1. Human orientation to activity?
  2. Relationship of humans to each other?
  3. Nature of Human beings?
  4. Relationship of humans to the natural world?
  5. Orientation of humans to time?
2
Q

Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck four conclusions about the functions of cultural patterns

A
  1. People in all cultures face common human problems for which they must find solutions.
  2. The range of alternative solutions to a cultures problems is limited.
  3. Within a given culture, there will be preferred solutions, which most people within the culture will select, but there will also be people who choose other options.
  4. Over time, the preferred solutions shape the cultures basic assumptions about beliefs, values, norms, and social practices
3
Q

Activity Orientation

A

How the people of a culture view human actions and the expression of self through activities

4
Q

Social Relations Orientation

A

How the people in a culture organize themselves and relate to one another

5
Q

Self Orientation

A

How peoples identities are formed, wether the culture views the self as changeable, what motivates the individuals actions, and the kinds of people who are valued and respected

6
Q

World Orientation

A

Cultural patterns that tell people how to locate themselves in relation to the spiritual world, nature, and other living things

7
Q

Time Orientation

A

How people conceptualize time

8
Q

Cultural Differences (Hofstede)

A

An approach to understanding the range of cultural differences. Based on the assertion that people carry mental programs or “software of the mind”

9
Q

Power Distance

A

The degree to which the cultures believes that institutional and organizational power should be distributed unequally and the decisions of the power holders should be challenged or accepted

10
Q

Uncertainty-Avoidence

A

Extent by which the culture feels threatened by ambiguous, uncertain situations and tries to avoid them by establishing more structure

11
Q

Masculinity-Femininity

A

Indicates the degree to which a culture values “masculine” behaviors, such as assertiveness and acquisition of wealth, or “feminine” behaviors such as caring for others and the quality of life

12
Q

Individualism- Collectivism

A

Degree to which a culture relies on and has allegiance to the self or the group

13
Q

Indulgence

A

View that pleasure and the enjoyment of life are very desirable, puts focus on happiness as a way of life

14
Q

Restraint

A

Focuses on self discipline and believe that individuals should curb their urges and desires for unrestrained fun

15
Q

High-context Cultures

A

Used in high-context cultures, in which most of the meaning is either implied by physical setting or is presumed to be part of the individuals internalized beliefs, values, norms, and social practices
EX: Japanese, African American, Mexican

16
Q

Low-context Cultures

A

Used in low-context cultures, in which a majority of the information is vested in the explicit code
EX: German, Swedish, American

17
Q

Unexamined Cultural Identity

A

Stage where One’s cultural characteristics are taken for granted, and consequently there is little interest in exploring cultural issues

18
Q

Cultural Identity Search

A

A process of exploration and questioning about ones culture in order to learn more about it and to understand the implications of membership in that culture

19
Q

Cultural Identity Achievement

A

A clear, confident acceptance of oneself and an internalization of ones cultural identity

20
Q

Ethnocentrisim

A

To draw from personal experiences to understand and evaluate the motivations of others

21
Q

Stereotyping

A

Information Processing results in a simplification of the world, so that prior experiences are used as the basis for determining both the categories and the attributes of the events

22
Q

Prejudice

A

Negative attributes toward other people that are based on faulty and inflexible stereotypes

23
Q

Discrimination

A

“Prejudice in action”

24
Q

Racism

A

To categorize people who are culturally different in terms of their physical traits, such as skin color, hair color, and texture, facial structure, and eye shape

25
Q

Levels of Racism

A

Individual and Institutional Level

26
Q

Symbolic Racism

A

“Modern racism” members of a group with political and economical power believe that members of some other group threaten their traditional values

27
Q

Tokenism

A

When individuals do not perceive themselves as prejudiced because they make small concessions to, while holding basically negative attitudes toward, members of the other group

28
Q

Aversive Racism

A

Negative beliefs and feelings about members of a particular race, often as a result of childhood socialization experiences

29
Q

General Likes and Dislikes

A

Can form as a basis for a prejudicial attitude simply because the group displays behaviors that another group does not like

30
Q

Degree of Unfamiliarity

A

Simply responding to unfamiliar people may create negative attitudes because of lack of experience with the characteristics of their group

31
Q

Cultural Identity

A

Ones sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group

32
Q

Social Identity

A

Develops as a consequence of memberships in particular groups within one’s culture

33
Q

Personal Identity

A

Based on peoples unique characteristics, which may differ from those of others in their cultural and social groups

34
Q

Verbal

A

“Consisting of words”

35
Q

Verbal Code

A

A set of rules about the use of words in the creation of messages

36
Q

Phonology

A

Rules for combining phonemes

37
Q

Phonemes

A

Basic sound units of a language

45 in English Language

38
Q

Morphemes

A

Phonemes combined. Smallest unit of meaning in a language

50 Million in English Language

39
Q

Semantics

A

The study of the meaning of words

40
Q

Pragmantics

A

Final component of all verbal codes

The effect of language on human perceptions and behaviors

41
Q

Syntactics

A

Fourth Component

The relationship of words to one another

42
Q

Symbols

A

Words, Actions, or Objects that stand for or represent units of meaning

43
Q

Codeswitching

A

The selection refers to the selection of language to be sued in a particular interaction by individuals who can speak multiple languages

44
Q

Dialects

A

Versions of a language with distinctive vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation that are spoken by particular groups of people or within particular regions

45
Q

Accents

A

Distinguishable marks of pronunciation

46
Q

Argot

A

A specialized language that is used by a large group within a culture to define the boundaries of their group from others who are in a more powerful position in society

47
Q

Jargon

A

A set of words or terms that are shared by those with a common profession or experience