Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are gender stereotypes of emotion?

EMOTION AND GENDER

A

Men- Emotionally muted

Women- more emotional

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2
Q

What is Dr. Spock’s historical perspective?

EMOTION AND GENDER

A
  • Girls: encouraged to cry/be emotional

- Boys: encouraged to display anger

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3
Q

What was the Condry and Condry study?
Question: How do infants react to being startled?

EMOTION AND GENDER

A

-video tape infants reactions , had parents rate emotions of infants

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4
Q

What were the findings from Condry and Condry study?
Question: How do infants react to being startled?

EMOTION AND GENDER

A

-Found: startle response didn’t differ
BUT
-Girls rated more fearful
-Boys rated as more angry/determined

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5
Q

What was Robyn Fivush’s study?

EMOTION AND GENDER

A

conversation between mother’s and children

topic: Discuss emotional event

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6
Q

Findings from Robyn Fivush’s study

EMOTION AND GENDER

A

Key finding: difference in how moms spoke to sons/daughters

  • sons: one negative emotion- anger
  • daughters: many different emotional states, used rich emotional vocab
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7
Q

Subjective: Do men & women differ in emotional responses in lab?

EMOTION AND GENDER

A
YES if: rating emotion directly, 
-public display of emotion, 
-around other people,
-reporting general feelings
NO if: emotion assessed indirectly,
-Private experience,
-When alone,
-reporting specific emotions
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8
Q

Subjective Report: Conclusions

EMOTION AND GENDER

A
  • Differences Context dependent

- greater difference in emotion expression than emotional experience

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9
Q

Subjective: Future Research

EMOTION AND GENDER

A

-Disentangle

emotional landscape of men and women from influence of expectations

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10
Q

Behavioral: Indicators
(Kring & Gordon (1998)

EMOTION AND GENDER

A

General: women> men - in behavioral expressions of emotions

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11
Q

Physiological: Findings
(Kring & Gordon, 1998)

EMOTION AND GENDER

A
  • No difference in brain (amygdala, prefrontal cortex)

- no difference in autonomic physiology (skin, conductance, heart rate.)

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12
Q

*****Emotion and Gender: Future research

EMOTION AND GENDER

A

Aim:

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13
Q

Background/What is laughter?

EMOTION BEHAVIOR

A
  • emerged 4 million years ago, before language,
  • series of exhalations
  • exhale= heart rate decreases
  • decreased heart rate cues parasympathetic nervous system (“rest and digest” system)
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14
Q

Laughter: What else is happening in the body?

EMOTION BEHAVIOR

A
  • 15 facial muscles contract
  • Larynx partially closed, so air intake irregular
  • tear ducts can activate
  • Endorphins released
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15
Q

Laughter Dictionary-
developed by Bachorowski (2002, 2003)

EMOTION BEHAVIOR

A

Types of laughs: cackle, hisses, pants, snorts, grunts, songlike laughs

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16
Q

Laughter Dictionary- Voiced Laughs vs Unvoiced Laughs
(Bachorowski)

EMOTION BEHAVIOR

A
  • Voiced laughs- (vocal cord vibration) elicits positive emotion
  • Unvoiced laugh- elicits negative emotion, no affiliative
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17
Q

Why is Laughter Good for us?

EMOTION BEHAVIOR

A

-build friendship/social bonds
-promotes recovery from negative emotion
(ie reduce; muscle tension, stress hormones, negative emotion)

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18
Q

What was Laughter Experiment: Frederickson & Levenson (1998)

EMOTION BEHAVIOR

A

Two part video:
First video- man almost fall off high ledge: elicit fear
Second video- puppies playing: elicit laughter
-measure physiological responses

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19
Q

Findings from the Laughter Experiment: Frederickson & Levenson (1998)

EMOTION BEHAVIOR

A

-Findings: People who laughed more in second film- faster return to baseline physiological levels

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20
Q

Crying: Is it healthy?

EMOTION BEHAVIOR

A

Context Dependent:
-60-70% report crying cathartic
BUT Lab study: researchers showed sad films–> made people cry–> took measurements
-found people felt worse/ showed more physiological arousal with sad films

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21
Q

Crying: Is it healthy when already in sad emotional state?

EMOTION BEHAVIOR

A
  • depressed–> crying–> less improvement after crying

- high anxiety less likely feel better after crying

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22
Q

Crying: Gender Differences?

EMOTION BEHAVIOR

A

Women cry more frequently and intensely than men.

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23
Q

Physiological: Is Touch rewarding?

EMOTION BEHAVIOR

A

Brain: Touch feels good

  • associated with activation of orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), –> encoding reward behavior
  • OFC associated with self reported pleasantness
  • touch activates neural regions associated with reward
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24
Q

Touch is soothing: benefits of 15 minute Swedish massage

EMOTION BEHAVIOR

A
  • associated with decrease in cortisol
  • increase oxytocin (love hormone)
  • (method- drew blood during massage)
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25
Q

Touch is soothing: Study- 16 married women awaiting electric shock in fMRI (Coan )

EMOTION BEHAVIOR

A
3 condition:
 -alone
-stranger holding hand
-Husband holding hand
Results: hand holding-decreased activity in amygdala & even more so it husband holding hand
26
Q

Touch: Study- Infants heel lance for blood

EMOTION BEHAVIOR

A
conditions:
-held/touched by mom
-no touch
Results if touched
-62% less cried
-65% less grimaced
-lower heart rate
27
Q

Touch increases cooperation: Petition-signing Study

EMOTION BEHAVIOR

A

Participants asked to sign petition on local issue
Touch: 81% signed
Not Touch:55% signed

28
Q

Touch increases cooperation: Medical Compliance Study

EMOTION BEHAVIOR

A

-medical compliance study
med practitioner touches patient while communicating importance of medicine
-people touched more likely to take medicine

29
Q

Touch: Soothing and Cooperation

EMOTION BEHAVIOR

A

introduce new object 1 year

  • if (+) touch, infant more likely approach object
  • if touch (-)infant more likely pull back
30
Q

Emotions communicated through touch

EMOTION BEHAVIOR

A

Communicated-
fear, anger, disgust, love gratitude, sympathy
Not communicated-
pride, envy, embarrassment

31
Q

What is Psychophysiology

PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY

A

General Definition: Study of psychological phenomena as revealed through physiology
-broader than brain study- focuses on (PNS)

32
Q

Importance of Psychophysiology

PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY

A
  • Physiology tells us something different than self-reports

- info outside conscious awareness, social desirability

33
Q

Limitations of Psychoshysiology

PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY

A
  • methods difficult/expensive
  • lack of clarity of what results tell us
  • i.e. hear rate elevate- does that mean anger? excitement? fear?
34
Q

What is the Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)?

PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY

A

-facilitates energy expenditure

35
Q

What is the Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)?

PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY

A

-facilitates energy storage

36
Q

Measurement Tools: Electrocardiogram

PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY

A

-measures HR

how?- electrodes on skin

37
Q

Measurement Tools: Skin Conductance

PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY

A
measure sweat 
how?
-Indirectly, by applying current and measuring conductance, more sweat increases conductance
(pure measure of SNS activity)
-lie detector test
38
Q

Measurement Tools: Respiration

PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY

A

measure breathing frequency
-how?
Respiration belt placed our chest, amount of respiration measured by how much belt moves

39
Q

Measurement Tools:
Heart Rate Variability (HRV)

PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY

A

measure HR fluctuates or remains constant, how much HR influenced by PNS
how?
variety of tools
goal: non invasive

40
Q

Define: Neuroscience and 2 types of Neuroscience

EMOTION AND THE BRAIN

A

Study of the biological basis of mental processes and behavior

1) Affective neuroscience
2) Behavioral neuroscience

41
Q

What is a Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)?

EMOTION AND THE BRAIN

A
  • tracks blood/oxygen

- measures function

42
Q

Define: Limbic System and 3 Main Parts

EMOTION AND THE BRAIN

A

Supports many function- emotion and behavior

1) Amygdala
2) Hypothalamus
3) Hippocampus

43
Q

Define: Amygdala

EMOTION AND THE BRAIN

A

-influence aggression and fear

44
Q

Amygdala Cat study

EMOTION AND THE BRAIN

A
  • Electrically stimulate one part of normally calm cats amygdala–> aggressive reaction
  • Stimulate another part–> extreme fear
45
Q

Define: Hypothalamus

EMOTION AND THE BRAIN

A

Influences motivational and emotional behavior including

  • Eating
  • Drinking
  • Body Temperature
  • Aggression
  • Sexual behavior
  • Four F’s
46
Q

What are the Four F’s of the Hypothalamus?

EMOTION AND THE BRAIN

A

1) Fighting
2) Feeding
3) Fleeing
4) Fornicating

47
Q

Limitations: Limbic System
(LeDoux, 1990’s)

EMOTION AND THE BRAIN

A

Some structures not involved in emotion & others not specific to emotion

48
Q

What is Neuroplasticity?

EMOTION AND THE BRAIN

A

changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions

49
Q

Benefits of meditation and neuroplasticity?

EMOTION AND THE BRAIN

A

link between meditation and physical/emotional health

  • inflammation
  • happiness, compassion
  • depressive symptoms -anxiety
50
Q

Who is Richard Davidson?

EMOTION AND THE BRAIN

A

Pioneer in affective neuroscience (meditation study)

51
Q

Social Dimension of Emotion: Are intense emotions usually about just us?

EMOTIONAL & SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS

A

No. Emotions are usually connected to others.

52
Q

Positive Emotion increase helping behavior:
Examples of Positive mood inductions

EMOTIONAL & SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS

A
  • Success on a small task
  • Receiving cookie/candy
  • Finding a dime
  • Soothing music
  • Receiving a free sample -Pleasant pictures
  • Receiving praise
  • Good weather
  • Remembering positive events
53
Q

Positive Emotion increase helping behavior:
Examples of Helping Behavior

EMOTIONAL & SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS

A
  • Mail a lost letter
  • Pick up dropped items
  • Donate/solicit for charity -Give positive advice
  • Make a phone call for a stranger
54
Q

Three Theories: Why would positive mood increase helping behavior?

EMOTIONAL & SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS

A
  1. Focus of attention
    - Focus on own good fortune promotes good will towards others
  2. Social outlook
    - Cheered by interpersonal event; triggers prosocial values
  3. Mood maintenance
    - Keep the good feelings coming
55
Q

Define: Emotion as information

EMOTIONAL & SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS

A
  • emotional expression helps others know emotions, beliefs intentions
  • ie facial expression interpret others feelings/thoughts
56
Q

Define: Emotion as reinforcement

EMOTIONAL & SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS

A
  • Emotion serves as incentive/deterrent for others’ behavior

- ie children behavior- kids repeat actions if given smile (reward), stop actions if frown

57
Q

Define: Emotional Reciprocity

EMOTIONAL &; SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS

A
-Emotions evoke reciprocal reactions in others
Sympathy evoked by
-embarrassment
-guilt 
distress
Anger evoke fear
58
Q

Conflict in Romantic Relationships: Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (Gottman)

EMOTIONAL &; SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS

A
  1. Criticizing
  2. Defensiveness
  3. Stonewalling
  4. Contempt
59
Q

Emotion and Groups
Study: Same scenario/different relationship status: Two people feeding one another french fry video

EMOTIONAL &; SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS

A

1/2 Subjects told they were couple
1/2 told they are co-workers
Disgust: Co-worker> romantic
Same activity but different relationship

60
Q

Emotion and Groups Status: High vs. Low

EMOTIONAL &; SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS

A

High status: More freedom in emotions

Low Status: Less so (e.g. cant express anger)

61
Q

Self vs other Judgements for Moral Situation: Results?

EMOTIONAL &; SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS

A

Difference for all emotions for self and other

• Individuals predict they would feel more negative emotion