Exam 1 Well Child: Toddler-Preschool Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Exam 1 Well Child: Toddler-Preschool Deck (47)
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1
Q

Toddlers = ____ years
Preschoolers = _____ years
Leading cause of death (1-4) =

A

1-3 yo
3-6 yo
Unintentional injury (motor vehicle injuries)

2
Q

Health Supervision visits for toddlers and preschoolers take place at what ages? (9)

A

15 months, 18 months, 24 months, 2 1/2 years, 3 years, 3/12 years, 4 years, 5 years, 6 years

3
Q

Toddler Vital Signs

1) Heart Rate =
2) Respirations =
3) Temperature =
4) Blood Pressure =
5) Growth = (2) height and weight /year

A

1) 70-110
2) 20-30
3) 98-99 F
4) 90-105/ 55-70
5) 3 inches/year (4-6 lbs/year)

4
Q

Head circumference is taken until ___ yo
BP start at ___ yo
BMI, Height starts to be taken at ___ yo

A

3
3
2

5
Q

Developmental Screenings

1) __% of children have a developmental delay
2) Less than ____ are identified prior to starting school (and we know that if we catch it early and intervene early, we can help child “ ______ ______ _____”
3) Early intervention (3) therapies

A

1) 17%
2) half, “MEET MAXIMUM POTENTIAL”
3) Occupational therapy (fine motor skills), Physical therapy, speech therapy

6
Q

Causes of developmental delays

1) _____ syndromes
2) P_____
3) ______ infections/____exposures (fetal alcohol syndrome)
4) _____ during delivery
5) V____/H____ impairments
6) L____ exposure

A

1) Genetic
2) Prematurity
3) Perinatal infections/Toxin exposures
4) Hypoxia
5) Visual/Hearing impairments
6) Lead

7
Q

Developmental Screening Tools

1) Ages & Stages 15$
2) Bayley Infant Screener 25$
3) Infant development inventory $15
4) Denver Developmental Screening $58
5) Parents’ Evaluation of Development $15
6) CDC Developmental Milestones ______ (learn the signs. act ___!)

A

6) FREE (act early!)

8
Q

Gross Motor Skills =
Fine Motor Skills =

What types of therapy?

A

= movements that use the large muscles in the arms, legs, torso, and feet (standing, walking, running, jumping) PT

= movements that use the small muscles of the fingers, toes, wrists, lips and tongue (grabbing using thumb and index finger, hand to mouth) OT

9
Q

Oral and Motor Skills =
Social/Emotional Skills =
Cognitive Skills =

What type of therapy?

A

= language and communication, eating ST (speech therapy)
= Eye contact, smiles, interaction SE (special ed teacher)
= learning, thinking, problem solving SE (special ed teacher)

10
Q

CT: What are we looking for in developmental screenings?

A

We’re looking for red flags, to see if child is delayed. We want to catch it EARLY. We are checking for all of the potential causes

11
Q

CT: What do you suspect if a child walks on tiptoes, has repetitive speech and little eye contact?

Screening test =
At ___ and ___ months

A

Autism

MCHAT
18, 30

12
Q

What is the concern with too much milk in a child’s diet?

A

1 cause of anemia in US

Iron Deficiency Anemia! bc too much calcium does not allow iron to be absorbed

13
Q

Nutritional Needs for Toddlers (1-3)

1) Toddlers need ____ calories per day than infants
2) Preschoolers need ___ cal/kg
3) _____ meals/day (not big meals) + ____ snacks/day
4) ** Avoid (2)**
5) No more than ___ cups of milk/day
6) Food jags =
7) NO ___ feeding, it can lead to
8) Mealtime should be a ____ experience
9) P____ and HEALTHY ____ are super important until age 3 for ____ development

A

1) fewer
2) 90
3) 3, 2-3
4) Juices, Soda
5) 2 cups of milk
6) only eats a few foods
7) Force -> eating disorders
8) pleasant
9) Protein, Healthy Fats, important for Brain development

14
Q

Physical Assessment

1) Allow “___ up” time prior to touching child
2) Remove only clothing _____ for each part of assessment
3) Proceed from ___ to ___ intrusive (listen to heart/lungs before anything painful)
4) Give ____ when possible
5) Primary dentition ___ teeth completed by __ months
6) Child sits where during assessment?

A

1) “warm up”
2) needed
3) Least to Most
4) Choices
5) 20 teeth by 30 months
6) On top of parent

15
Q

Sleep Patterns

  • ______ hrs of sleep each day
  • Naps during 16-20 months?
  • Nightmares occur when?
  • Night Terrors occur when? Because of what?
A
  • 8-13 hrs
  • morning nap eliminated, one long afternoon nap 1-3 hrs
  • early sleep
  • second half of sleep, bc of active imagination, increased dream state, or can be related to stress/anxiety (recently divorced)
16
Q

Preventative Care for Dental Carries in preschools and toddlers (3)

A

1) Brush twice daily with soft brush and pea sized fluoride toothpaste
2) Limit sweet drinks and snacks
3) Visit dentist every 6 months, starting at age 2

17
Q

Temper Tantrums, the best way to handle is to ____ it, is common in toddler, should decrease with age

A

IGNORE

18
Q

Tantrum tips

1) ____ tantrums with distraction at early signs
2) _____ child from others
3) Keep child ____
4) Remain ____ (be a role model)
5) If it doesn’t stop should you just give in and give candy?
6) Reward improvement of _____ control
7) ____ reinforcement!
8) Avoid ____ during nap time

A

1) AVOID
2) Separate
3) Safe
4) Calm (be a role model)
5) NO, don’t give in
6) behavior control
7) Positive reinforcement!
8) Active activities

19
Q

Toddler Play Habits

Parallel Play =
Im____
What type of toys?

A

= Playing alongside but not WITH other kids (thats your toy, this is my toy)
Imitation
Push-pull toys, balls, riding toys, finger paint, crayons, puzzles with large pieces, blocks

20
Q

Signs that a child is ready for toilet training

1) Diaper is dry for more than __ hours
2) Child is able to do what with pants?
3) _____ parent/sibling in bathroom
4) Able to follow _____
5) Shows ____ in ____ activities

Most children are ready to begin around
_____ yrs for girls
______ yrs for boys

A

1) 2
2) pull pants on and off
3) imitates
4) instructions
5) interest in toileting

2-2 1/2
2 1/2 -3

21
Q

How to begin with toilet training

1) Have child select their own “___ ___” underwear
2) Place ______ in bathroom specifically for child
3) Child should be placed on chair at =
4) ____/____ success (ignore potty accidents)
5) If child doesn’t cooperate, what do you do?

A

1) “big boy”, “big girl” underwear
2) potty chair
3) regular intervals
4) Reward/Praise
5) wait a few weeks and try again

22
Q

NY requirements for Lead

  • Lead levels must be drawn on every child at ___ and ___ years
  • Older if child eats (3), or has a ____ with high lead levels

In NYC any lead level __ or greater is reportable

A
  • 1, 2
  • paint chips, plaster, soil, has sibling with high lead levels

5

23
Q

Lead pain was banned in ____

1) How can children get lead toxicity?
2) Found in what?
3) Can cause (3)

A

1978

1) By swallowing, breathing, or touching it
2) dust in lead paint
3) growth problems, behavior problems, difficulty learning (brain probs)

24
Q

Lead Toxicity Prevention (4)

A
  • Wash children’s hands and toys often
  • Mop floors and use damp cloth to clean windowsills often
  • Repair any peeling pain
  • Be careful that children do not eat or play with paint chips, plaster, dust or dirt
  • use only cold water for drinking, cooking, and preparing infant formula (bc lead doesn’t separate from hot water)
  • use lead free dishes and pots (seen in pots from latin america, middle east, india)
25
Q

Sources of Lead (3)

Keep water running for=

A
  • For 1-2 minutes
  • use only cold water for drinking, cooking, and preparing infant formula (bc lead doesn’t separate from hot water)
  • use lead free dishes and pots (seen in pots from latin america, middle east, india)
26
Q

Lead Levels

How much of lead do we want to see in children?

1) < 9 =
2) 10-19 =
3) 20-44 =
4) 45-69 =
5) > 70 =

A

NONE!

1) Asymptomatic with some neurological deficits
2) Mild impairment in growth and cognition; anemia
3) Fatigue, motor impairment, difficulty concentration, tremors, abdominal pain, weight loss, anemia*
4) Severe abdominal pain, anorexia, vomiting, irritable, lethargy (will need hospitalization and NG tube)
5) Encephalopathy, seizures, coma, death

27
Q

Treatment for Lead

1) ____ lead from child’s environment
2) ___/___ for irone deficiency ____
3) >45 =

A

1) Remove
2) Test/Treat Anemia
3) Chelation therapy (agent that binds w lead, decreases its effects, increases excretion rate)

28
Q

Preferred site for IM in children < 3 =

When can you use the deltoid for IM?

A

Anterior Vastus lateralis, NO BUTT!

Age over 1 year

29
Q

Injury Prevention for MVA =

A

Use approved safety seat, rear facing, in the back seat and use on ALL trips

30
Q

Injury prevention for Falls =

A

Supervise toddler closely, park for safe climbing

31
Q

Injury prevention for Poisoning =

A

Keep meds and all poisonous materials locked and away

Have poison control center number easily available

32
Q

Injury prevention for Burns =

A

= use fire screens, keep pot on back burners and turned inward on stove, keep water temp 120-125 degrees, check bath before putting toddler in

33
Q

Injury prevention for Drowning =

A

= Do not leave buckets filled with water around children when cleaning, supervise children in the bath tube and near water, use pool gates, pool covers, always use child life jackets near water or on boats

34
Q

Explaining Procedures

A
  • Give explanation JUST before procedure (limited concept of time)
  • Stress that procedure is necessary and that child did nothing wrong
  • perform procedure in tx room
  • immobilize child securely
  • ** give SHORT explanations
  • Do not give choices when none are available
  • Allow child to cry or scream
  • Comfort child after procedure
  • Allow child choice of special sticker after procedure
35
Q

IV’s in Children

1) Veins are ___ and _____
2) How frequent do we assess the site and infusion pumps?
3) Common sites (3)
4) _____ pumps used when minimal fluid is given over an extended period of time
5) _____ lines used for long term IV therapy

A

1) small, fragile
2) HOURLY
3) hands, feet, sometimes scalp in infants
4) Syringe
5) Central

36
Q

_____ balance is critical!! why?

A

FLUID BALANCE

bc kids can into shock and arrest very quickly if they are over or under hydrated

37
Q

Weight Percentiles

1) Underweight =
2) Healthy weight =
3) Overweight =
4) Obese =

A

1) < 5 percentile
2) 5-85th percentile
3) 85-95th percentile
4) > 95th percentile

38
Q

Output should be ____ ml/kg/hr

1 oz = ___ ml

1 g of wet diaper = __ ml of urine

A

1-2 ml/kg/hr

1 oz = 30 ml

1 g = 1 ml

39
Q

What is the drug of choice for a fever, aspirin or acetaminophen, why?

How is it supplied?

A

NO aspirin bc Reyes syndrome

Tabs, chewable tabs, liquid/elixir, caplet, Geltab, Gelcap, capsules

40
Q

Pediatric dose of Acetaminophen = _____ mg/kg/dose every ____ hours

Max dose = ____g/24 hr, ___ doses/24 hr

A

10-15 mg/kg/dose every 4-6 hours

4g/24hr, 5 doses/24hr

41
Q

Overdose of Acetaminophen (Tylenol) can lead to =

Medication for OD =

A

Hepatotoxicity

Mucomyst

42
Q

8 Rights of Medication Administration

A

1) Right Patient
2) Right Medication
3) Right Dose
4) Right Route
5) Right Time
6) Right Documentation
7) Right Reason
8) Right Response

43
Q

Pediatric Variations
Oral meds are usually give in _____ form (elixir, syrup, suspension)

1) Why is it difficult to administer oral meds to children?
2) Avoid putting medication in =
3) Some tablets can be _____ and mixed with _____
4) Position _____ to avoid _____
5) Use oral ____ and give fast or slowly?
6) Aim where?
7) Preschoolers may prefer =

A
  • liquid

1) Often don’t like the taste
2) Bottle with juice or formula bc we need to make sure they’re consuming ALL of the meds
3) Crushed, with applesauce or pudding, but use only a tablespoon so they eat all of it
4) Upright to avoid choking/aspiration
5) Syringe, give slowly
6) Inside of cheek
7) Medicine cup

44
Q

Administration of eye drops =

A

= Gently press lower lid down and have the child look up as the drop is instilled in the lower conjunctival sac

45
Q

Administration of ear drops

1) < 3 yo
2) > 3 yo

A

1) pull pinna down and back

2) pull pinna up and back

46
Q

Administration of nasal drops =

A

= hyperextend the head and place the tip of the dropper just at the nasal opening

47
Q

Administration of nasal spray =

A

= upright position, place tip of spray bottle inside the nasal opening and squeeze container