Inflection
accent (stress) among words
Is inflection quantitative?
No
Rhythm
sequence of sounds that are repeated (repetition)
Tone
captured inflection that can suggest the mood
underlies mood, flexible based on reader
Examples of tone
cheerful, mournful, melancholy, serious, humorous, playful
Meter
intensity/accents
where do the stresses fall?
What is meter tied to?
Inflections
Euphony
pleasant sound
Examples of euphony
Vowels, diphthong
Assonance, consonance, alliteration if not overdone
Diphthong
two vowels together
Example of diphthong
Straw, few, boil, soy, food, haul, ouch
Assonance
repetition of vowel sounds within words
Consonance
repetition of consonants within words (l, m, n, r, v, w)
Alliteration
repetition of first letter in a word
Resonance
pitch/stress on vowels
Cacophony
unpleasant sound
What words connect to rhythm?
Polysyndeton, anaphora, epistrophe
Polysyndeton
repetition of conjunctions (and, but, or)
Anaphora
repetition of first words of a phrase
Epistrophe
repetition of last word
Scansion
the measurement of poetic lines/verse
allows the reader to find intended sound
can establish a paattern
Substitution/variation
change in the measure of foot from one foot to the next
Does substitution/variation change the pattern of the line?
No
Accomodation
substantial change to line/lines but original pattern of poem remains
Catalexis
cutting off of final foot in line (long or short stress)
Acephaly / lame foot
beginning of foot cut off
Hypersyllabic foot
too many syllables per foot
Anacrusis
one too many syallables at the beginning of the line
the opposite of acephaly
End-stopped rhyme
lines in which meter, syntax, and sense conclude at the end of the verse
can be masculine or feminine or slant
What are other names for end-stopped rhyme?
Complete, true, perfect
Masculine rhyme
the sound is the same at the end of two or more lines in which the final syllable is stressed (ex: fright/night)
Feminine rhyme
the second to last syllable is long and the last syllable is short (ex: glory/story
Slant rhyme
approximate rhyme that is done with complex variations of assonance and consonance
Other names for slant rhyme
generic, para, parallel, oblique, half, imperfect
Examples of slant rhyme
justice/hostess
maze/coze
drunkard/conquered
Caesura
a pause in the line, accentuated by punctuation
happens in the middle of the line
Vowels in English
a, e, i, o, u
sometimes w and y
When are w or y a consonant?
When it precedes a vowel heard in the same syllable
In all other cases these letters are vowels
ex: wine, twine, whine
Examples of w and y as a vowel
newly, dewy, and eyebrow
Semivowels
a consonant that can be imperfectly sounded without a vowel so that at the end of a syllable its sound may be protracted
ex: al, an, az (the l, n, and z respectively)
Type of consonants
semivowels and mutes
What are the semivowels?
f, h, j, l, m, n, r, s, v, w, x, y, z
c and g when soft
Aspirate
strong breath needed to produce
a subset of semivowels
c, f, g, h, j, s, x
Liquids
l, m, n, and r
called this due to the fluency of their sounds
a subset of semivowels
Mute
consonant that cannot be sounded at all without a vowel
at the end of a syllable the consonant suddenly stops the breath
Example of mutes
k, g, and c
b, d, and g
Spondee
two long stresses in a row
Enjambment
line carries over pattern
Promoted foot
naturally we say short but the meter makes it stressed
Types of promoted feet
pronouns, conjunctions, adverbs, articles
What do we normally do with -er and -tion sounds?
they are normally short
Double ionic
pyrrhic foot followed by spondee
Pyrrhic foot
two short stresses
List the different line lengths
1 stress - monometer 2 - dimeter 3 - trimeter 4 - tetrameter 5 - pentameter 6 - hexameter 7 - heptameter 8 - octameter
Iamb
light stress followed by a heavy stress
Trochee
heavy stress followed by a light stress
Dactyl
heavy stress followed by two light stresses
Anapest
two light stresses followed by a heavy stress