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PSY 4210 > Exam 1 Textbook > Flashcards

Exam 1 Textbook Flashcards

1
Q

Personality traits are not the only factors that control an individual’s behavior; _________ matter as well

A

situations

people are inconsistent

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2
Q

Do traits exist?

A

possibly no, people continually chat who they are according to the situation

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3
Q

What factor influences the idea that traits depend on environment?

A

age

18-22 accept traits change
adults don’t

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4
Q

As people get older, what becomes more stable?

A

personality with maturity and general mental health

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5
Q

person-situation debate

A

focuses on what is more important for determining what people do: the person or the situation?

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6
Q

What amount of correlation do situationists think is small but pro-personalities think is significant?

A

.40

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7
Q

What was the pro-personalities three responses to the situationists?

A

1) Unfair literature review
2) We can do better: the .40 upper limit is a result of poor research methodology
3) A correlation of .40 is not small

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8
Q

Having a correlation of .40 means what percentage of accurate behavior predictions?

A

70%

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9
Q

absolute versus relative consistency

A

essentially it’s hard to know if it’s the personality or the situation that matters in behavior. Both I guess. 133

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10
Q

interactionism

A

persons and situations as constantly interacting to produce behavior together

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11
Q

persons and situations as constantly interacting to produce behavior together

A

interactionism

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12
Q

What are the three major interactions of interactionism?

A

1) the effect of a personality variable may depend on the situation or vice versa
2) situations are not randomly populated: certain types of people go to or find themselves in different types of situations
3) people change situations because of what they do in them.

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13
Q

high self-monitors

A

people being different between their inner and outer selves and how they perform in different settings

adaptive, flexible, popular, sensitive, fit in

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14
Q

people being different between their inner and outer selves and how they perform in different settings

A

high self-monitors

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15
Q

low self-monitors

A

being the same outside as they are inside and do not vary much from one setting to another

self-directed, integrity, consistent and honest

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16
Q

being the same outside as they are inside and do not vary much from one setting to another

A

low self-monitors

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17
Q

narcissism

A

personality trait that is associated with high self-regard and a pattern of extraverts and confident behavior that can make an excellent first impression but become annoying in the long run

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18
Q

personality trait that is associated with high self-regard and a pattern of extraverts and confident behavior that can make an excellent first impression but become annoying in the long run

A

narcissism

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19
Q

many-trait approach

A

the research strategy that focuses on a particular behavior and investigates its correlates with as many different personality traits as possible in order to explain the basis of the behavior and to illuminate the workings of personality

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20
Q

the research strategy that focuses on a particular behavior and investigates its correlates with as many different personality traits as possible in order to explain the basis of the behavior and to illuminate the workings of personality

A

many-trait approach

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21
Q

single-trait approach

A

the research strategy of focusing on one particular trait of interest and learning as much as possible about its behavioral correlates, developmental antecedents, and life consequences

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22
Q

the research strategy of focusing on one particular trait of interest and learning as much as possible about its behavioral correlates, developmental antecedents, and life consequences

A

single-trait approach

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23
Q

the big 5

A 
openness to experience
conscientiousness
extraversion
agreeableness
neuroticism
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24
Q

cumulative continuity principle

A

the idea that personality becomes more stable and unchanging as person gets older

.31 childhood
.54 college
.74 50-70

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25
Q

the idea that personality becomes more stable and unchanging as person gets older

A

cumulative continuity principle

.31 childhood
.54 college
.74 50-70

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26
Q

what are the three main methods for learning about the brain?

A

brain damage

experiments using brain stimulation

brain imaging

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27
Q

lesioned

A

parts of the brain are cut off from other brain structures

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28
Q

parts of the brain are cut off from other brain structures

A

lesioned

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29
Q

brain stimulation

A

stimulate parts of the brain directly with electrodes

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30
Q

stimulate parts of the brain directly with electrodes

A

brain stimulation

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31
Q

brain stimulation example

A

woman had electrodes inserted into her brain to control her Parkinsons, got severely depressed, ninety seconds after it was turned off her depression went away

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32
Q

electroencephalography (EEG)

A

electrodes are placed on the scalp to pick up electrical signals generated by the brain activity underneath

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33
Q

electrodes are placed on the scalp to pick up electrical signals generated by the brain activity underneath

A

electroencephalography (EEG)

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34
Q

magnetoencephalography (MEG)

A

delicate sensors to detect magnetic indications of brain activity

35
Q

delicate sensors to detect magnetic indications of brain activity

A

magnetoencephalography (MEG)

36
Q

positron emission tomography (PET)

A

creates map of brain activity by following radioactive tracer injected into the bloodstream

37
Q

creates map of brain activity by following radioactive tracer injected into the bloodstream

A

positron emission tomography (PET)

38
Q

fMRI

A

monitors magnetic pulses generated by oxygen

39
Q

monitors magnetic pulses generated by oxygen

A

fMRI

40
Q

amygdala

A

small structure, link perceptions and thoughts about the world with their emotional meaning

41
Q

small structure, link perceptions and thoughts about the world with their emotional meaning

A

amygdala

42
Q

what positive and negative emotions does the amygdala work on?

A

anger and fear

causes anxiety

social attraction and sexual responsiveness

43
Q

Whitman’s issues

A

had a malignant tumor in the right hemisphere of his brain, in the basal ganglia next to the amygdala

killed his wife, mom, and did a school shooting because of this

44
Q

left frontal lobe active when…

A

a person want to approach something pleasant

45
Q

right frontal lobe active when…

A

wanting to withdraw from something unpleasant or frightening

46
Q

Which lobes are activated for approach and withdraw?

A

approach = left frontal lobe

withdraw = right frontal lobe

47
Q

Phineas Gage

A

rod through the frontal lobes of his brain

became inappropriate like a child with the desires of an adult

48
Q

Elliott

A

had a brain tumor at the midline of his brain

surgery removed it and chunk of cerebral cortex

became unemotional

problems with decision making

somatic marker hypothesis

49
Q

somatic marker hypothesis

A

emotional part of though is a necessary prat of problem solving and decision making

50
Q

emotional part of though is a necessary prat of problem solving and decision making

A

somatic marker hypothesis

51
Q

capgras syndrome

A

belief that loved ones have been replaced with doubles

injury to the right frontal lobe

don’t feel the emotional response when looking at loved ones because of injury

52
Q

belief that loved ones have been replaced with doubles

A

capgras syndrome

53
Q

dopamine

A

reward/motivation and positive emotions

54
Q

reward/motivation and positive emotions

A

dopamine

55
Q

serotonin

A

regulation of emotion and motivation

56
Q

regulation of emotion and motivation

A

serotonin

57
Q

SSRIs

A

turn bad into not so bad

58
Q

turn bad into not so bad

A

SSRIs

59
Q

epinephrine

A

adrenaline, it’s throughout the body

60
Q

adrenaline, it’s throughout the body

A

epinephrine

61
Q

norepinephrine

A

noradrenaline, response to stress, in the brain

62
Q

noradrenaline, response to stress, in the brain

A

norepinephrine

63
Q

oxytocin

A

promotes nurturant and sociable behavior along with relaxation and reduction of fear

64
Q

promotes nurturant and sociable behavior along with relaxation and reduction of f

A

oxytocin

65
Q

testosterone

A

aggressive, more in men

66
Q

aggressive, more in men

A

testosterone

67
Q

cortisol

A

response to physical or psychological stress

stress hormone, stimulated by fear

68
Q

response to physical or psychological stress

stress hormone, stimulated by fear

A

cortisol

69
Q

heratibility quotient

A

(rmz - rdz) x 2 = how heritable the triat is

r = correlation
mz = monozy
dz = dizyg
70
Q

What is the range of heritability of the Big Five Traits?

A

.42 agreeableness to .57 openness

71
Q

What matters in personality?

A

genes and environment

72
Q

Results of Borkenau?

A

all traits are influenced by a shared environment except extroversion

73
Q

who found that all traits are influenced by a shared environment except extroversion

A

Borkenau

74
Q

genome-wide association (GWA) study

A

hundreds of thousands of genes and patterns of genes in thousands of people are dumped into a computer, together with data about these individual’s personalities.

computer searches to find which genes or patterns are associated with which trait

results: still researching
- genetic variants associated with traits related to happiness, depression, and anxiety
- big five traits (minus extraversion) related to genes

75
Q

epigenetics

A

nongenetic influences on a gene’s expression, such as stress, nutrition, and so forth

76
Q

nongenetic influences on a gene’s expression, such as stress, nutrition, and so forth

A

epigenetics

77
Q

evolutionary approach to personality

A

assumes that human behavioral patterns developed because our long-ago ancestors found them to e helpful or necessary for survival

78
Q

assumes that human behavioral patterns developed because our long-ago ancestors found them to e helpful or necessary for survival

A

evolutionary approach to personality

79
Q

evolutionary mismatch

A

modern environment contradicts human history

windowless cubicles

postpartum depression (not having support to help raise kid)

80
Q

aggression and altruism evolution

A

aggression helped to protect land and resources, but now leads to fighting, murder, war

altruism tendency to aid and protect other people helps to ensure the survival

81
Q

self-esteem evolution

A

monitor the degree to which a person is accepted by others

low self-esteem = change so you can pass on genes

82
Q

monitor the degree to which a person is accepted by others

low self-esteem = change so you can pass on genes

A

self-esteem

83
Q

depression evolution

A

feeling this certain sadness and pain helped to survive.

pain signals something is wrong and should be fixed

PSY 4210 (22 decks)

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