Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Mammalian Physiology > Exam 1 Material > Flashcards

Exam 1 Material Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis

A

The relatively stable physical and chemical composition of the internal environment of the body which is the result of REGULATORY SYSTEMS
(An ordered system, a steady state, around a set point of an operating point)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Steady State

A

no net change, needs constant input of energy, dynamic, how living things are

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Equilibrium

A

no net change but no energy is needed, static, non-living things.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Steady State Examples

A

Temperature, plasma growth hormone, plasma cortisol, urinary potassium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Homeostatic Examples

A

Water, Ions (Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, K+), plasma glucose, blood pH, temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Compartments of Homeostasis

A
  • External is dynamic
  • Internal is static
    1) Extracellular Fluid (ECF) is 80% intercellular fluids and 20% plasma
    2) Intracellular Fluid is inside of the cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Homeostatic Reflex Arc

A

1) Stimulus (exogenous=inside Endogenous=external)
2) Receptor/Sensor - responds to stimulus
3) Afferent Pathway
4) Integration Center
5) Efferent Pathway
6) Response
7) Feedback Loop - either negative (most are) or positive (blood clotting or enzyme activity) goes back to receptor or sensor.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Temperature Reflex Arc

A

1) Stimulus - it is cold
2) Receptor/Sensor - temperature sensitice nerver endings
3) Afferent Pathway - afferent nerves carry action potential
4) Integration Center - the brain
5) Efferent Pathway - efferent nerves carry message to
6a) smooth muscle in blood vessels
6b) skeletal muscles
7a) Response - smooth muscles constrict to limit heat loss
7b) shiver induced to increase heat
8) Feedback Loop - increased heat goes back to temp sensitive nerve endings as negative feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Homeostatic Reflex Arc Plasma Calcium

A

Decrease in plasma calcium

1) parathyroid glad detects drop
2) parathyroid hormone released into circulatory system
3) Osteocytes release calcium
4) plasma calcium increases and thus minimizes initial stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Biologically Insignificant

A

P is greater that 0.05

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Primary Chemical Messengers

A

Hormone, neurohormone, neurotransmitter, paracrine, autocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Thyroid Hormone Releasing Pattern

A

Hypothalamus = thyrotropin releasing hormone
Anterior Pituitary = thyroid stimulating hormone
Thyroid Glad = Thyroxine or Triiodothyronine
Target Cells = Increase metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Reactive Homeostasis

A

respond to changes that have already occurred

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Predictive Homeostasis

A

Response is increased in anticipation of a predicted changes. Usually involves circadian rhythms over 24 hour light/dark period for core temp, oxygen consumption, appetite.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Homeostatic Modifications

A

Acclimatization, biological rhythms, aging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Acclimatization

A

An adaptive change in the function of a physiologic system induced by prolonged exposure to an environmental stress without any genetic change. Usually reversable
Examples
1) Adapting to ambient temperature
2) Altitude/change in oxygen partial pressure
3) Developmental - very narrow windows of opportunity for growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Mammalian

A 
Relating to the class mammalia, endothermic mostly homeothermic, amniote, cares for young (milk), hair. 
D: Eukarya
K: Animalia
P: Chordata
C: Mammalia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Physiology

A

A branch of biology dealing with the functions and vital processes of living organisms which includes whole organisms, parts of organisms, organs, cells.
Physiology
biology
chemistry math physics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Aging

A

Decrease in compensation for various challenges as life continues. Due to genetic and environmental reasons. Examples: Wear and tear, exposure, failure of mitosis (apoptosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death. Examples: Webbing between fingers, only 1/5 of nerve cells grow out and survive by connecting to skeletal muscle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Water Properties

A

1) bond angle of 105
2) Dipolar
3) Cohesive
4) High specific heat
5) High heat of vaporization
6) Most dense at 4C
7) Transparent
8) Universal Solvent. pH=7
Notes: Water forms hydrogen bonds with itself. The polar molecules surround ions to form hydrated radius.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Buffers

A

A substance that reversibly binds hydrogen and this reaction minimizes a change in pH. Examples: Bicarbonate, phosphate, heoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Carbonic Anhydrase

A

Enzyme that mediates the reaction of H2O + CO2 — H+ + HCO3-
Very reversible 500,000/s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

A Cell

A

The smallest structural unit (of an organism) that has the characteristic of life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Organelles

A

Small membrane bound compartments, along with some particles and filaments, that preform specialized functions and constitute the inside of the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Secretory Process

A

Ribosome on the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum translates mRNA into a chain of amino acids. Then it is packeged into a transition (transport) vesicle. It then goes to the Golgi Body where the molecule is midified. Then put into a secretory vesicle that can either go to the lysosome, perioxisome, endosome, or to the plasma membrane where it can be released or incorporated. Secretory vesicles move on microtubule tracks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Proteins

A

Composed of amino acids, formed by peptide bonds, functional and structural component of the cell. Serine has a hydroxyl.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Protein Structural Hierarchy

A
  • Primary- the a.a. sequence
  • Secondary- AA rotation, limitations in binding and rotations
  • Tertiary- AA associations, disulfide bridges, hydrogen bonds
  • Quartinary- multiple subunits
  • Quintinary- Other molecular associations like cofactors, lipid interactions, Na/K, ATPase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Allele

A

Part of genome that will translate to a form of a protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Membrane Composition

A

Phospholipids (amphipathic)
Protein (amphipathic)
Carbohydrates
Cholesterol (amphipathic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Cells Interact with Environment Through

A

Membrane Folding and Saturable Molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Endocytosis

A

Phagocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis, pinocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Saturable Molecules

A 
Receptors
Enzymes
Transport Molecules 
Antibodies
Oxygen Carrying Pigments
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Saturable Molecule Characteristics

A

1) Proteins
2) Chemical specificity
3) Saturation (finite rate)
4) Affinity
5) Competition
6) Modulation/Regulation
7) Use non-covalent binding forces
8) Located in plasma membrane and cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Receptor

A

Specific protein(s) that bind a specific primary chemical messenger(ligand) and serve to signal the cell or produce a change in cell function. Shape and charge determine specificity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Saturability

A

Saturable biochemical group is proteins and there are a finite number of receptors. Some proteins can bind different ligands but most are very specific. Sigmoidal curve corrects for non-specific bonding.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Affinity

A

Strength at which the ligand binds to its binding site. High affinity=charge/shape low affinity=non-specific. The higher the affinity the lower ligand concentration needed to saturated the receptor.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Allosteric Modulation

A

Modular molecule binds to active saturable molecule in a non-covalent manner. Control of the properties of a binding site by a regulator/modulator molecule binding at a site other than the binding site. (ionic, hydrogen, van der Waals)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Covalent Modulation

A

Alteration of the shape and function of the protein by the attachment of (a) chemical group(s) to (a) amino acid(s)
Phosphorylation is the addition via a protein kinase which typically activates. Phosphatase removes phosphate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Competition

A

The effect of one ligand on the binding of another ligand when both are able to bind to the same binding site. Affinity dictates which binds better.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Aganist

A

A foreign molecule which binds to a receptor site and triggers the cell’s response as if the true chemical messenger were present.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Antagonist

A

foreign molecule which binds to a receptor but does not trigger the cell response because it inhibits chemical messenger action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Primary Chemical Messengers

A

Outside of the cell

1) Hormone
2) Neurohormone
3) Neurotransmitters
4) Paracrines
5) Autocrines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Receptor Number

A

May change due to:

Cell function, cell type, receptor production being regulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Receptors Trigger Changes

A

1) Membrane transport
2) Synthesis rate
3) contractile forces
4) metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Mitochondria

A

Mitochondrion, double membrane, aerobic indicator, has own gene, bacteria in origin, produces ATP, location of CAC and oxidative phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A 
Rough = protein synthesis 
Smooth = lipid synthesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Secretory Vesicles

A

release materials/exocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Lysosome

A

digestive organelles

50
Q

Peroxisome

A

breaks down fatty acids

51
Q

Cytosol

A

Cytosolic components and the cytoskeleton

52
Q

Microtubules

A

long columns of globular protein polymerized together

53
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

?

54
Q

Microfilaments

A

actin and myosin

55
Q

Extracellular Matrix

A

Collagen fibers and adhesion molecules/proteins

56
Q

Tight Junctions

A

Forms a tissue barrier with polarized epithelium. Proteins on lumen side are different than those on the blood side.

57
Q

Desmosomes

A

Holds cells together through cell contact/adhesion. Electron dense

58
Q

Gap Junctions

A

Proteins called conexons form pores between the cells, permit the movement of small molecular weight molecules and charges

59
Q

Metabolism

A

The total of all chemical reactions that occur in a living organism or cell

60
Q

Energy

A

characterized as the ability to produce change and measured as work

61
Q

Potential Energy

A

stored energy in bonds, charge separation (asymmetrical charge), concentration gradient

62
Q

Energy of Activation

A

Energy required to initiate a chemical reaction/kinetic energy applied to alter electrical forces to cause the reaction

63
Q

Enzymes

A

a protein that accelerates a specific chemical reaction but does not undergo a net change during the reaction. Biological catalyst ending with “ase”

64
Q

Cofactor

A

a nonprotein substance that binds to specific regions of an enzyme and either maintains shape or participates directly in binding the substrate (Cl-, Mg2+, Zn2+, Fe3+)

65
Q

Coenzyme

A

a nonprotein organic molecule that functions as a cofactor. It is not consumed in the reaction but may accept hydrogen ions or small organic molecules. NADH, FADH2, CoA

66
Q

NAD+

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

67
Q

Competitive Inhibition

A

takes up active site

68
Q

Noncompetitive Inhibtion

A

material binds non-specifically and inhibits activity

69
Q

Enzymatic Modulation

A

1) Allosteric through product feedback

2) Covalent phosphorylation via protein kinase (dephosphorylate with protein phosphatase)

70
Q

Multienzymatic Pathway

A

Enzymatic reactions may be linked together where the product then forms the reactant or substrate.

71
Q

Metabolic Pathway

A

A sequence of enzyme mediated reactions

72
Q

Rate-Limiting Step

A

Slowest enzyme that might involve product feedback like phosphofructokinase does

73
Q

Energy Movement

A

ADP + Pi + 7 kcal/mol —- ATP + H2O

1) oxidative phosphorylation
2) substrate phosphorylatio

74
Q

Glycolysis

A 
Glucose
-hexose kinase (-1ATP)
Glucose 6 Phosphate
Fructose 6 Phosphate
- phosphofructose kinase (-1ATP)
Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphate 
2 3Carbon Carbohydrates 
-2 ATP
-2 NADH
Phosphoenol Pyruvate
- pyruvate kinase (+2ATP)
2 Pyruvate
75
Q

Branch Point Anaerobic

A

Anaerobic - lactate formed, 2 NADH oxidized to 2 NAD+ and glycolysis continues and burns a lot of glucose (lactate dehydrogenase). Heart and liver can take lactate to pyruvate. Maintains cell redox.

76
Q

Branch Point Aerobic

A

Pyruvate transported into mitochondira and 2 CO2 lost, 2 NADH formed, 2 Acetyl Coenzyme A formed. Then enters Citric Acid Cycle where 1 Acetyl CoA = 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP(ATP), 2 CO2. ECT is in the inner membrane which is tight, chemiosmotic gradient mechanism for ATP production, ATPase going backwards. 36ATP total. Hypothetically 38 but things get lost.

77
Q

Gluconeogensis

A

Anabolism of glucose from pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, and amino acids. Need to overcome the 3 irreversible steps. Liver! (maybe kidneys). Lipids in membranes broken down to glycerol (c-16,18,20) broken down to acetyl-CoA via beta oxidation in mitochondira.

78
Q

Glycogen

A

storage carbohydrate, animal starch, liver and skeletal muscle. extra carbs become triacylglycerols.

79
Q

Energy Storage

A

Triacylglycerols - 9 kcal/gram - 78% (more covalent bonds)
Proteins - 4 (would be 5.4 but nitrogen) kcal/gram - 21% storage
Carbohydrates - 4 - 1%

80
Q

Amino Acid Metabolism

A

Proteins broken down to a.a through transamination (NH2 shuffel) and deamination (NH3 formed). Ammonia from from deamnination goes to liver and becomes urea. Other products go to glycolysis/CAC

81
Q

Products

A

All metabolic pathways are linked.
New molecules via catabolism/anabolism, ATP directly generated, indirectly NADH FADH2, H20, CO2 which maintains bicarbonate buffer.

82
Q

Hormones

A

Travel in blood to specific target cell throughout body. Ex) Insulin, Gastrin, Cortisol

83
Q

Neurohormones

A

Travel via blood and are released to modify another hormone releasing activity. Ex) growth hormone releasing hormone, gonadotropin, releasing hormone.

84
Q

Paracrines

A

Travel in a local area and are released into and affect a local area like inflammation. Ex) prostagladins, adenosine

85
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Isolated to nerve cells, they affect other nerve cells or adjacent effector organs. Ex) acetylcholine and norepinephrine

86
Q

Autocrines

A

Released and affect the same cell. Prostagladins and adenosine.

87
Q

Secondary Messenger Systems

A

Electrical potentials, tyrosine kinase, JAK, cAMP, cGMP, Calcium/Calmodulin, Inositol Triphosphate, Diacylglycerol

88
Q

Secondary Messenger System Common Components

A

Primary chemical messenger, g-protein, protein kinase, protein activator, cell response

89
Q

Membrane Potential

A

Ligand binds to a receptor, opens or closes ion channels, channels are specific to an ion, changes membrane potential and thus cellular function

90
Q

Tyrosine Kinase

A
  • Ligand binds to the receptor
  • Activates a Tyrosine Kinase
  • Which phosphorylates a Tyrosine
  • Tyrosine-PO4 is part of a protein and has changed its function.
91
Q

cAMP System

A

A first messenger binds to a receptor with activates the stiumlatory G protein. The alpha unit then associates with the catalytic part of Adenylate Cyclase which is an enzyme that changes ATP to cAMP. High levels of cAMP activates (cAMP dependent)protein kinase making it active. This goes on activate an enzyme with the aid of ATP into a ActiveEnzyme-PO4. The response is the enzyme Phosphodiesterase will break down cAMP to AMP.

92
Q

Signal Cascade

A

One ligand-receptor activates 1 G-prtoein and 1 adenylate cylase. But then 100 adenosine3’5’cyclic monophosphates go on to 1 million products.

93
Q

cAMP-dependent protein kinase affects

A

Active transport, ion channels, Ca2+ transport, protein synthesis, lipid and glycogen breakdown.

94
Q

Ca2+/Calmodulin

A

Calcium ions are favored to go into the cell but the ER has it stored up. Receptor binds ligand which activates Ca channel and or release from ER. The increase in cytosolic Ca ACTIVATES Calmodulin. This then activates calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, which activates a protein for a cell response.

95
Q

Inositol Phosphate/DAG

A

Ligand binds to the receptor.. Activates a G-Protein which activates Phospholipase C which acts on phosphatidylinositol phosphate(PIP2) to for inositol trisphosphate and diacylglycerol. Inositol Trisphosphate goes on and releases Ca from the ER by opening Ca channels. Then Calmodulin pathway ensues. DAG activates Protein Kinase C which phosphorylates a protein which causes a cell response.

96
Q

Endocytosis

A

Cellular process in which the plasma membrane invagenates and this invagenation becomes pinched off forming small intracellular, membrane bound vesicles.

97
Q

Exocytosis

A

cellular process in which the membrane of an intracellular vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane, the vesicle opens, and the contents are liberated into the extracellular fluid.

98
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

Freely goes through PM. Only gasses, water, small molecules like urea, glycerol, some glucose. Use Fink’s law. As temp increases so does permeability.

99
Q

Tonicity

A

Total solute strength

100
Q

Channel Diffusion

A

Protein mediated for specified ion. Follows electrochemical potential so you can use Nerst Equation.

101
Q

Membrane Potential

A

Inside the cell is negative due to K+=-94mV

102
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

A form of mediated transport. Protein mediated, follows concentration gradient, no other energy required. Works on Glucose and permease.

103
Q

Active Transport

A

Protein mediated, does not have to follow a concentration gradient, uses energy.
Primary=direct energy use like 3Na/2K, H, Ca need ATPase
Secondary=indirect energy usage via electrochemical potential and Antiport exchange cotransporter. Na/H ex, Na/Caex, Cl/HCO3ex, Na/AA co, Na/K/2Cl co

104
Q

Cells of the Nervous System

A

Neurons = nerve cells
Glial Cells = nerve cells, nonexcitable, speed condution, insulate, absorb K, provide nutrients, remove waste, digest dead cells , aid migration, elaborate and move spinal fluid.

105
Q

Depolarization

A

cell becomes more positive

106
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

cell becomes more negative

107
Q

Repolarization

A

cell returns to resting potential

108
Q

Graded Potential

A

Cell membrane potential change that is variable in; amplitude, polarity, and duration

109
Q

Action Potential

A

an electrical signal propagated over long distances of nerve or muscle cells. Characterized by and “all or none” reversal of membrane potential.

110
Q

THE ACTION POTENTIAL

A

1) at resting potential
2) graded potenital (depolarizating) to
3) Threshold (all or none)
4) Open Voltage-dependent Na channels, Na goes inside the cell
5) Depolarization to a positive cell potential
6) Close VD-Na channels (with the positive potential)
7) Open VD-K channels (with the positive potential), K goes out of cell
8) repolarization
9) VD-K channels closing
10) hyperpolarization
11) Na/K channels back to resting potential.

111
Q

Proteins of the Action Potential

A

Na Channel, K channel, Na/K ATPase. Na Channel opens and closes very rapidly with an inactivation gate. K opens and closes slowly.

112
Q

Water Regulation Na based

A

Kidney’s reasorb 99.9% filtered water. Instestine reabsorb over 10L/day

113
Q

Water Regulation Cl Based

A

Cornea needs cl- transport, dehydrates the stroma. Lungs use cl transport to hydrate surface and dissolve o2

114
Q

Fugu Sushi

A

Tetrodoxin blocked VG Na channels

115
Q

Red Tide Oysters

A

Saxitoxin blocked VG Na channels

116
Q

Local Anesthetics

A

Procain (novacaine) and Lidocaine (xylocaine) blacks Na+ channels and then wears off.

117
Q

General Anesthetics

A

Tetrodoxin, Ether, Ethanol (second two enter cell membrane produces sustained depolarization.

118
Q

Hypoglycemic

A

0-75mg%

119
Q

“normal”glycemic

A

75-125mg%

120
Q

Hyperglycemic

A

125+mg%

121
Q

Lab 3

A

Trypsin + L-BAPA = p-nitroalanine

Mammalian Physiology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions