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Flashcards in Exam 1 Material Deck (35)
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0
Q

What is a genome?

A

The total genetic info carried by a cell

1
Q

What characteristics does something need in order to be considered living?

A
  1. Ability to reproduce
  2. Ability to react to environment
  3. Able to grow and evolve
  4. Has metabolism
2
Q

What are characteristics of a prokaryotic cell

A
  • small
  • simple
  • nucleoid region
  • rapid reproduction/evolve quickly
  • no membrane bound organelles
  • diverse cells
3
Q

Eukaryotic cell characteristics

A
  • have nucleus
  • larger
  • complex
  • form complex multicellular organisms
4
Q

Nucleus

A
  • contains DNA
  • double membrane
  • contains enzymes
  • condensed chromosomes
5
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • double membrane
  • site of ATP synthesis
  • generates usable energy from food
  • consumes O2, releases CO2 = cellular respiration
  • unique DNA, binary fission
  • endosymbionts
6
Q

Chloroplasts

A
  • double membrane
  • capture energy from sunlight
  • photosynthesis
  • generate food molecules
  • unique DNA binary fission
  • endosymbionts
7
Q

Evidence consistent with the endosymbiont theory

A

Size, reproduction, ribosomes, membranes, DNA, phylogeny

8
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • membrane enclosed maze

- site of lipid, secreted, and membrane bound protein synthesis

9
Q

Golgi apparatus

A
  • flat, membranous sacs
  • receives and modifies products of ER
  • distributes products
10
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • unwanted molecules degraded

- nutrients released from food

11
Q

Peroxisomes

A

H2O2 is generated and degraded (intracellular degradation)

12
Q

Vesicles

A

Material transport

13
Q

Cytosol

A

Cytoplasm without organelles

14
Q

What are the larger units of sugars?

A

Polysaccharides

15
Q

What are the larger units of a fatty acid?

A

Fats, lipids, membranes

16
Q

What are the larger units of amino acids?

A

Proteins

17
Q

What are the larger units of nucleotides?

A

Nucleic acids

18
Q

What are the four biological macromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

19
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Sugars and molecules made from monosaccharides (simple sugars)

20
Q

What is glycogen and where is I stored?

A

Glycogen is used for long term energy storage, coming from glucose as an energy source. Stored in the liver

21
Q

What bonds monosaccharides into larger carbohydrates?

A

A bond called glycosidic linkage

22
Q

What does amphipathic mean?

A

That something has two distinct regions

23
Q

How many double bonds does a saturated molecule have?

A

None

24
Q

What is a lipid?

A

An organic molecule that is insoluble in water. Fats, triglycerides, phospholipids and steroids are all examples.

25
Q

Amino acids are the subunits of ______

A

Proteins

26
Q

Peptide bonds are former by ____ reactions

A

Condensations

27
Q

What links amino acids?

A

Peptide bonds

28
Q

What kinds of bonds are considered non covalent?

A

Electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonds, van der Waals attractions, hydrophobic interactions. These are individually weak, but strong together

29
Q

What is an endergonic reaction?

A

A reaction that requires energy

30
Q

What is an exergonic reaction?

A

A reaction in which energy is released and can occur spontaneously

31
Q

What is

A

Standard free energy change, which is independent of concentration

32
Q

What is the value of standard free energy change at equilibrium?

A

0

33
Q

Why can’t cells be in chemical equilibrium?

A

At equilibrium, no work can be done. Cells need to constantly exchange materials with the environment, or they die

34
Q

How do you determine equilibrium constant (k)?

A

(K)=[X]/[Y]