What is a genome?
The total genetic info carried by a cell
What characteristics does something need in order to be considered living?
- Ability to reproduce
- Ability to react to environment
- Able to grow and evolve
- Has metabolism
What are characteristics of a prokaryotic cell
- small
- simple
- nucleoid region
- rapid reproduction/evolve quickly
- no membrane bound organelles
- diverse cells
Eukaryotic cell characteristics
- have nucleus
- larger
- complex
- form complex multicellular organisms
Nucleus
- contains DNA
- double membrane
- contains enzymes
- condensed chromosomes
Mitochondria
- double membrane
- site of ATP synthesis
- generates usable energy from food
- consumes O2, releases CO2 = cellular respiration
- unique DNA, binary fission
- endosymbionts
Chloroplasts
- double membrane
- capture energy from sunlight
- photosynthesis
- generate food molecules
- unique DNA binary fission
- endosymbionts
Evidence consistent with the endosymbiont theory
Size, reproduction, ribosomes, membranes, DNA, phylogeny
Endoplasmic reticulum
- membrane enclosed maze
- site of lipid, secreted, and membrane bound protein synthesis
Golgi apparatus
- flat, membranous sacs
- receives and modifies products of ER
- distributes products
Lysosomes
- unwanted molecules degraded
- nutrients released from food
Peroxisomes
H2O2 is generated and degraded (intracellular degradation)
Vesicles
Material transport
Cytosol
Cytoplasm without organelles
What are the larger units of sugars?
Polysaccharides
What are the larger units of a fatty acid?
Fats, lipids, membranes
What are the larger units of amino acids?
Proteins
What are the larger units of nucleotides?
Nucleic acids
What are the four biological macromolecules?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
What are carbohydrates?
Sugars and molecules made from monosaccharides (simple sugars)
What is glycogen and where is I stored?
Glycogen is used for long term energy storage, coming from glucose as an energy source. Stored in the liver
What bonds monosaccharides into larger carbohydrates?
A bond called glycosidic linkage
What does amphipathic mean?
That something has two distinct regions
How many double bonds does a saturated molecule have?
None
What is a lipid?
An organic molecule that is insoluble in water. Fats, triglycerides, phospholipids and steroids are all examples.
Amino acids are the subunits of ______
Proteins
Peptide bonds are former by ____ reactions
Condensations
What links amino acids?
Peptide bonds
What kinds of bonds are considered non covalent?
Electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonds, van der Waals attractions, hydrophobic interactions. These are individually weak, but strong together
What is an endergonic reaction?
A reaction that requires energy
What is an exergonic reaction?
A reaction in which energy is released and can occur spontaneously
What is
Standard free energy change, which is independent of concentration
What is the value of standard free energy change at equilibrium?
0
Why can’t cells be in chemical equilibrium?
At equilibrium, no work can be done. Cells need to constantly exchange materials with the environment, or they die
How do you determine equilibrium constant (k)?
(K)=[X]/[Y]