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A&P > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

There is always more ___ inside the cell compared to how much there is outside.

A

Potassium

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2
Q

There will always be less ___, ___, and ___, inside the cell compared to outside.

A

Sodium, chloride, and calcium

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3
Q

A _____ is a type of carrier that carries two (usually) substances in the same direction across a membrane. Ex. Na+/GLU secondary active transporter

A

Symporter

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4
Q

A _____ is a type of carrier that carries two substances in opposite directions across a membrane. Ex Na+/K+ ATPase pump

A

Antiporters

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5
Q

_____ only refers to the diffusion if water.

A

Osmosis

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6
Q

_____ solutions are solutions with higher amounts (concentrations) of solutes compared to the other solution.

A

Hypertonic

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7
Q

_____ solutions are a solution with lower concentrations of solutes compared to the other solution.

A

Hypotonic

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8
Q

_____ solutions have the same amount of solutes in both solutions.

A

Isotonic

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9
Q

What is the function of epithelial cells?

A

To protect underlying tissues or structures, make secretions, and control the passage of material

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10
Q

Simple squamous epithelium that lines body cavities is called:

A

Mesothelium

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11
Q

Simple squamous epithelium that lines the heart and blood vessels is called:

A

Endothelium

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12
Q

List (and be able to describe) the five types of intercellular connections:

A

Tight/occluding junctions (forms a waterproof seal), adhesion belt (interwoven structures between two membranes in upper part of cell), (spot) desmosomes, hemidesmosomes (found only on nasal surface), gap junction (allows for passage of materials)

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13
Q

Modified epithelial cells combined to secrete a specific hormone are called:

A

Glands

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14
Q

The glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream or into neighboring cells and modulate internal body processes are called:

A

Endocrine glands

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15
Q

The glands that secrete fluids into the epithelial surface of the body and often have ducts are called:

A

Exocrine glands

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16
Q

What are the two structural features of an exocrine gland?

A

Acinus and duct

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17
Q

List the three types of exocrine gland secretion and describe/picture them:

A

Merocrine secretion- released by vesicles/exocytosis (ex. Sweat glands)

Apocrine secretion- released by shedding cytoplasm (ex. Mammary gland)

Holocrine secretion- released by whole cells bursting, killing gland cells (ex. Sebaceous gland)

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18
Q

What is mesenchyme?

A

Embryonic tissue

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19
Q

What are the three main types of connective tissue?

A

Connective tissue proper, supporting connective tissue, and fluid connective tissue

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20
Q

What does the branch of fluid connective tissue consist of?

A

Blood and lymph fluid

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21
Q

What are the two subunits of supporting connective tissue?

A

Cartilage (semisolid matrix) and bone (solid matrix)

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22
Q

What are the three types of cartilage (be able to picture and describe them)?

A

Hyaline- most common/weakest cartilage and doesn’t contain fibers.

Elastic- branched fibers are the main material with lacunae

Fibrocartilage- consists of chondrocyte and densely interwoven collagen fibers that contribute to durability.

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23
Q

What are the three types of dense connective tissue (be able to picture and describe them)?

A

Regular CT- long and wavy like wood grain w/o branching. Contains collagen and fibrocyte nuclei

Irregular CT- collagen fiber bundles, fibroblast nucleus, and ground substance extend in several directions (marbled meat)

Elastic CT- looks like dense regular but branched and can be stained black. Contains elastic fibers and has fibroblast nuclei.

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24
Q

Name the tissue that is good for shock absorption and protection, and support, and is made of a gel like ground substance:

A

Cartilage

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25
Q

List the three types of CT proper (be able to picture and describe them):

A

Areolar- contains elastic and collagen fibers, fibroblasts, and ground substance. It’s airy and spacious.

Adipose- round pockets full of fat/triglycerides

Reticular- only contains reticular fibers that go in all different directions.

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26
Q

The ground substance of cartilage contains _____ _____.

A

Chondroitin sulfate

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27
Q

Chondrocytes occupy small spaces within their _____.

A

Lacunae

28
Q

_____ is the connective tissue that envelops cartilage where it is not at a joint. The outer fibrous layer is for strength and the inner cellular layer is for growth and maintenance.

A

Perichondrium

29
Q

Chon- is the prefix that refers to _____.

A

Cartilage

30
Q

The ground substance of bone contains three things:

A

Collagen fibers, hydroxyapatite, and osteoblasts.

31
Q

_____ are the small channels through the matrix in bones that access blood supply.

A

Canaliculi

32
Q

The tissue covering the bone surface containing a fibrous and cellular layer is called:

A

Periosteum

33
Q

List the four types of membranes:

A

Mucous, serous, cutaneous, and synovial

34
Q

The connective tissue in a mucous membrane is referred to as _____ _____, but consists of _____ CT.

A

Lamina propria, areolar

35
Q

_____ membranes line cavities NOT open to the outside and are perfect thin but incredibly strong. They contain fluid to reduce friction.

A

Serous

36
Q

The two “sheets” of a serous membrane are referred to as the _____ portion, which covers the outside/cavity, and the _____ portion, which covers the inside/organs.

A

Parietal, visceral

37
Q

_____: lines the pleural cavities and covers the lungs

A

Pleura

38
Q

_____: lines the peritoneal cavity and covers abdominal organs.

A

Peritoneum

39
Q

_____: lines pericardial cavity and covers the heart.

A

Pericardium

40
Q

_____ membranes contain epithelium, areolar tissue, and dense irregular CT. It is thick, waterproof, and dry.

A

Cutaneous

41
Q

_____ membrane lacks true epithelium because there are “gaps” in the membrane. It contains a _____ fluid that helps lubricate connection between bones, and it is comprised of areolar tissue and epithelium.

A

Synovial (x2)

42
Q

Neural tissue contains two types of neural cells:

A

Neurons (actual nerve cells) and neuroglia cells (support, repair, and supply nutrients to neurons).

43
Q

The three major parts of a neuron:

A

Soma - cell body

Dendrites - root like branching extending from soma. It receives information.

Axon - long tube like structure extending from soma. It sends info to other cells

44
Q

The epidermis is composed of what type of epithelium?

A

Keratinocytes (Keratinized Stratified squamous)

45
Q

The dermis is composed of what type of tissue?

A

Dense irregular CT

46
Q

The hypodermis is comprised of what two types of tissue?

A

Adipose and areolar CT

47
Q

List the five layers of the epidermis in order of top most layer to bottom most layer:

A

Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale.

48
Q

Stratum basale has ___ layer(s) and contains three types of cells:

A

1, karatinocytes (tough and water insoluble), melanocytes (containing melanin protein), and tactile cells (send messages to nerve cells/sensitive to touch)

49
Q

Stratum spinosum is ___ layer(s) thick and contains two types of cells:

A

8-10, Karatinocytes (tough and water insoluble) and epidermal dendritic (phagocytic immune cells that engulf invading pathogens)

50
Q

Stratum granulosum is ___ layer(s) thick. This is where _____ begins and the cuboidal shape begins to take on a more _____ like appearance. Cells begin to _____.

A

3-5, keratinization, squamous, die.

51
Q

The layer of epidermis that is very thin but only present in thick skinned areas is called:

A

Stratum lucidium

52
Q

The top most layer of dead cells that are anucleated and tightly packed is called the stratum _____.

A

Corneum

53
Q

The principal tissue layer that includes hair follicles, blood vessels, glands, nail roots, sensory nerve endings, and even smooth muscle tissue is called the _____.

A

Dermis.

54
Q

The two layers of the dermis are:

A

Papillary layer and the reticular layer

55
Q

The papillary layer of the dermis contains _____ and _____ _____. It is also made up of _____ CT.

A

Capillaries, sensory receptors, and areolar

56
Q

What type of CT is the reticular layer of the dermis made up of?

A

Dense irregular CT has nothing to do with reticular CT

57
Q

Lines of cleavage are:

A

Parallel bundles of collagen and elastic fibers.

58
Q

The _____ _____ muscle is what causes goosebumps and hair to stand up on end.

A

Arrector pili muscle

59
Q

_____ is the emotional response that causes goosebumps

A

Frission

60
Q

What are the two types of exocrine glands in the dermis?

A

Sebaceous glands and sweat glands

61
Q

What are the two types of sweat glands and what is the difference between the two?

A

Merocrine glands (thermal regulation/sweat) and apocrine glands (empty into hair follicles in the armpit, nipples, and genitals)

62
Q

Serous membranes are composed of what type of epithelium?

A

Simple squamous

63
Q

Pleura covers the:

  • heart
  • lungs
  • abdominal organs
A

Lungs

64
Q

Peritoneum covers the:

  • heart
  • lungs
  • abdominal organs
A

Abdominal organs

65
Q

Pericardium covers the:

  • heart
  • lungs
  • abdominal cavity
A

Heart

A&P (4 decks)

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