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Flashcards in Exam 1 Deck (37)
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1
Q

Steady State Condition

A

the normal condition of a system, normal flow/exchange of molecules. many variables but within normal limits. (Na+/K+ exchange in a cell)

2
Q

Equilibrium

A

when two environments are truely equal. same value. (same water inside of cell and outside). different than steady state.

3
Q

Negative Feedback (loop)

A

major control system in the body. it senses a change and reacts to Reverse it (negative to stimuli). example: thermostat sesnes temperature change and activates Heating/cooling to return to desired temperature.

4
Q

Sensor->Integration->Effectors

A

sensors monitor variables (aorta) > Integrators attached to the sensor some way and process the change (heart) > Effectors cause the change (SNS; Vasopressin/kidneys)

5
Q

Postive Feedback (loop)

A

stimulus causes a change, the body responds by increasing this change. (Severe hemorrhage: body keeps increasing cardiac output until heart failure) (Clotting: activates clotting cascade, TXA2, vasospasm, until bleeding stops)

6
Q

Decompensated/Compensated Shock

A

positive feedback leads to death, or negative feedback insufficient/negative feedback works well

7
Q

Cell membrane

A

composed of a phospholipid bilayer; protective ring of the cell.

8
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The fluid within the cell.

9
Q

Nucleus

A

composed of a DOUBLE phospholipid bilayer. DNA synthesis, reading/translation done here. Only small molecules can pass through membrane (hormones, small ions, protiens)

10
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (rough)

A

Surrounds the nucleus. contains ribosomes, translates mRNA and creates proteins/peptides.

11
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (smooth)

A

connected but distal to rough ER. does NOT contain ribosomes (smooth). lipids are created here. Transport vesicles are created for products.

12
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

modifies proteins and secretes them to the cell surface.

13
Q

ICF

A

Intracellular fluid (inside the cells). makes up 2/3 of bodily fluid. ~28L

14
Q

ECF

A

extracellular fluid (plasma, interstitial, and campillary membranes). 1/3 total body fluid ~14L

15
Q

Na+

A

Sodium ion is EXTRACELLULAR.

Ratio is 10:1, normal values = 142 mOsm/Liter H2O

16
Q

K+

A

Potassium ion is INTRACELLULAR.

Ratio is 35:1, normal values = 4.0 mOsm/Liter H2O

17
Q

Ca++

A

Calcium ion is EXTRACELLULAR. It is used as a signaling ion (rushes into cell) to turn the cell on/off.
Ratio 10,000:1

18
Q

HCO3-

A

Bicarbonate is EXTRACELLULAR. it primarily circulates in the blood as a buffer.

19
Q

HPO4-

A

Phospate ion is INTRACELLULAR. It mainly functions with ATP production in the cell and can be used by the kidney as an intracellular buffer.

20
Q

Phosphocreatine

A

intracellular compound that has a lot of potential energy.

21
Q

Amino Acids

A

intracellular. used in the cell to make proteins/peptides.

22
Q

Lactate

A

slighty more intracellular. it is a byproduct of cellular metabolism and is excreted by the cell. Seen in ECF during pathologic conditions.

23
Q

Glucose

A

Usually extracellular. used for energy by the cell, needs insulin to cross membrane.

24
Q

Proteins

A

intracellular. very large (bunch of amino acids) and needs transport system to leave the cell. negatively charged

25
Q

Osamolarity

A

Usually in equilibrium because water tries to be the same on the inside and outside of the cell.
normal value = 283

26
Q

simple diffusion

A

movement of molecules through the membrane (or intermolecular spaces) without the use of carrier proteins.
two pathways: watery channels/interstices of lipid bilayer

27
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

a passive process. travel of molecules/ions through a membrane by chemically binding to them and carrying them through the membrane. (carrier-mediated diffusion) EX: Glucose uses this.

28
Q

voltage gating

A

diffusion by open/closing of ion gates based on electrical charges on the inside and outside of the membrame

29
Q

chemical gating

A

(diffusion) open/closing of channels by ligand binding to protein. The bind confirms to open/close gate.

30
Q

primary active transport

A

when a molecule/substance is moved against a concentration by (a carrier protein) energizing the molecule so it passes the electrochemcial gradient. Ex: Na+/K+ pump

31
Q

carrier protein

A

complex of two separate globular proteins (alpha/beta subunits) that facilitate the transfer of molecules through the membrane. they are used in facilitated diffusion and active transport. negatively charged.

32
Q

Na+/K+ pump

A

uses active transport (ATP). has three binding sites for Na+ and two binding sites for K+. this removes 3 Na+ ions from the cell and brings 2 K+ ions into the cell. results is a net negative charge (-1) intracellularly. primary function is to regulate cell fluid volume.

33
Q

GLUT-1

A

transport protein that helps deliver glucose (facilitated diffusion) in the nervous system/brain. does not require insulin, always on.

34
Q

GLUT-2

A

transport protein (facilitated diffusion) in the pancreas that senses glucose level in the body. does not require insulin to activate.

35
Q

GLUT-4

A

transport protein (facilitated diffusion) in insulin dependent tissues (fat, skeletal muscle). requires insulin to activate.

36
Q

Goldman equation

A

shows us that resting membrane potential (Vrm) of any cell is dependent on the concentration gradients of the permeant ions and their relative permeabilities.

37
Q

Vrm

A

Resting membrane potential of a cell measured in volts or mili-volts (mv).