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Biology 3401 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

Endocrine disrupting chemicals

1
Q

Study of ductless glands or tissues and their hormonal products

A

Endocrinology

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2
Q

Greek for ‘to arouse or excite’
Ernest Starling “..the chemical messengers which speeding from cell to cell along the blood stream, may coordinate the activities and growth of different parts of the body”

A

Hormone

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3
Q

William Bayliss, Ernest Starling demonstrated that substance released by lining of small intestine stimulated flow of pancreatic juice in dogs
Extract of small intestine injected into dogs caused response, indicating substance was blood-borne, not nervous

A

Crucial Experiment, 1902

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4
Q

In-vivo
Yolk: nutrient for ovum in all animals except placental mammals
Mixture of proteins, lipids

A

Vitellogenesis Induction

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5
Q

Binds estrogen (and other ligands) non-covalently with hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions

A

Steroid Binding Domain

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6
Q

Formula for bound hormone, B?

A

[(Bmax)(F)]/(Kd+F)

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7
Q

Accidental exposure in Italy (1976)
Increased metabolic disease in women who were children in 1976
Lower sperm quality in men who were breastfed as infants just after explosion
Dose-related association between the serum and fertility problems in women
What EDC?

A

Dioxin

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8
Q

?? binds receptor specifically through numerous weak non-covalent bonds

A

Ligand

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9
Q

Binds to estrogen response element upstream of gene to be transcribed

A

DNA Binding Domain

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10
Q

1874: Invented in Germany
1939: Insecticidal properties realized
Post WWII: Widespread use in agriculture, public health, eradicated insect-borne diseases such as malaria and typhus

A

DDT

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11
Q

Contaminated with TCDD blamed for health problems among Vietnam veterans; sprayers at high risk for prostate cancer

A

Agent Orange

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12
Q

Whole, multicellular organism

A

in vivo

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13
Q

Attaches to something larger (hormones, EDCs)

A

Ligand

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14
Q

?? indicates potential to be agonist or antagonist

A

Displacement

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15
Q

?? receptors on cell surface

A

Hydrophilic

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16
Q 
What major class of hormone?
mostly hydrophilic; epinephrine, thyroxine
A

Amine

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17
Q

Estradiol agonist with very high affinity for receptor
Prescribed to pregnant women 1950s-1960s to reduce early labor, miscarriage
Daughters have more reproductive problems, risk of usually rare cervix, vagina cancers
Fewer indications on sons, model of potential damage from in utero exposure

A

DES (diethylstilbestrol)

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18
Q

Measure ability of living organisms, tissues, or cells to respond to estradiol agonist

A

Bioassays

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19
Q

?? binds endocrine receptor, is weakly estrogenic (~1:1000-10,000)

A

BPA

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20
Q

Very secondary sources of BPA (4)?

A

Plastics, dust, dental sealants, thermal paper

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21
Q

2 EDCs that aren’t estrogen agonists or antagonists?

A

Tributylin, Atrazine

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22
Q

Yeast expresses human ERs; human cDNA integrated into yeast genome

A

Yeast-Based Reporter Gene Assay

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23
Q

What are the 4 EDCs that are estrogenic agonists?

A

Octylphenols, BPA, Phthalates, DDT

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24
Q

in a test tube/petri dish

A

in vitro

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25
Q

In vitro
Responses to E2: proliferation, progesterone receptor up-regulation
Assesses proliferation in vitro by measuring DNA

A

MCF-7 Cell Line

26
Q

Kd formula?

A

([H]{R})/[H*F]

27
Q

Communication between cells

A

Cell Signaling

28
Q

Signal cell, target cell connected by gap junctions; signal passed directly from one cell to another

A

Direct Cell Signaling

29
Q

Organized by Theo Culburn; assessed EDC research in wildlife, humans; projected that EDCs had potential to impact wildlife populations, human fertility, human health

A

Wingspread Conference, 1991

30
Q

Binds receptors, no response

A

Antagonist

31
Q

Proposed that developmental alterations in wildlife due to chemicals that disrupted endocrine system of developing organisms. Implications that in utero exposure causes health issues not observed until later in life.
Introduced term “endocrine disruptor”

A

Wingspread Consensus Statement

32
Q 
Which major class of hormone?
Hydrophobic; cortisol, testosterone, estradiol, progesterone
A

Steroids

33
Q

Hormones transported by ?? system

A

circulatory

34
Q

Signaling cell releases chemical messenger
Messenger carried in extracellular fluid
Nervous systems: Neurotransmitter released into adjacent synaptic cleft

A

Indirect Cell Signaling

35
Q

Dose-response relationship in which curve changes direction, also called ‘low dose response’

A

Non-Monotonic Dose Response

36
Q 
Which major class of hormone?
Hydrophilic; insulin, growth hormone, secretion
A

Peptides and Proteins

37
Q

Profiled many facets of DDT, such as ability to accumulate in food chain

A

“Silent Spring” Rachel Carson, 1962

38
Q

Sexually mature fish (adult) collected from ?? downriver sewage outfall, known for higher percentage of intersex fish
6 males, 3 females housed in spawning aquaria; males competed for females
Males intersex status compared to reproductive success

A

England River, UK

39
Q

Radiolabeled substrate releases 3H20 when metabolized by enzyme

A

Aromatase Assay

40
Q

What are the 4 receptor characteristics?

A

Specific binding, high affinity, saturation, signal transduction

41
Q

Activates RNA polymerase

A

Transactivation Domain

42
Q

Overproduction of estrogen in men leads to enlarged breasts, low libido, low sperm count, etc…
Had symptoms of estrogen excess but endogenous estrogen levels undetectable
Seldom wore gloves when applying ‘base cream’ to corpses

A

Mortician’s Base Cream

43
Q

Battery of tests to determine if chemicals present risk to endocrine systems in humans, wildlife

A

Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP)

44
Q

?? usually inside cell

A

hydrophobic

45
Q

What is the primary source of BPA?

A

Linings of metal food cans

46
Q

Detected in 95% of samples from survey of US populations, reference/safe dose= 50 ug/kg-bw/day

A

BPA

47
Q

Why are rodents good model for in utero effects?

A

Rodents at birth= human fetus in the second trimester

48
Q

Progressive increase in the amount of a substance in an organisms which occurs because the rate of intake exceeds the organism’s ability to remove the substance from the body

A

Bioaccumulation

49
Q

Anti-foulant in marine paint, may be an aromatase inhibitor

A

Tributyltin

50
Q

Binds receptors, initiates a response

A

Agonist

51
Q

Converts androgens into estrogens
Enzyme in many tissues including gonads, brain
Important factor in sexual development

A

Aromatase

52
Q

Most widely used herbicide in US
Feminized amphibians
Suggested to induce aromatase

A

Atrazine

53
Q

Does BPA free mean free of EDCs?

A

No, when it is removed it has to be replaced with another EDC

54
Q

Binds estrogen receptor (ER), liganded ERs form dimers; is transcription factor for genes induced by this

A

Estradiol

55
Q

If Kd is high, what is the affinity?

A

low

56
Q

?? changes shape when ligand binds

A

Receptor

57
Q

Consumed BPA excreted largely in ??

A

urine

58
Q

What year?
EPA banned DDT; declining benefits, environmental, topological effects
DDT in environment, wildlife has decreased, but is persistent
Still used in Africa, India to control malaria

A

1972

59
Q

Exogenous chemicals that can interfere with hormone actions

A

Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals

60
Q

Cane toad feminization associated with degree of ??

A

agriculture

Biology 3401 (2 decks)

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