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Physical Anthropology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anthropology

A

The science of human kind; study of human culture and biological variation both past and present

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2
Q

Variation

A

Change or difference

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3
Q

Holistic

A

Characterized by comprehension of the parts of something as intimately interconnected and explicable only by reference to the whole

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4
Q

Materialism / Essentialism

A

Things exist, no rankings / A perfect version of things exist

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5
Q

Cultural Anthropology

A

Original form of anthropology; focuses on culture (shared beliefs that generate behavior)

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6
Q

Archaeology

A

Reconstruction of past human behavior from material remains; includes both pre-historic and historical anthropology

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7
Q

Linguistic Anthropology

A

Study of the relation between culture and language

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8
Q

Biological Anthropology

A

Covers biological evolutionary changes in modern and pre-modern hominids; a bio cultural approach centered on the interaction between biology and culture

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9
Q

Paleoanthropology

A

Subfield of biological anthropology; study of hominids and evolution

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10
Q

Primatology

A

Subfield of biological anthropology; nonhuman primates (monkeys + apes)

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11
Q

Osteology

A

Subfield of biological anthropology; skeletal morphology, variation

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12
Q

Odontology

A

Subfield of biological anthropology; dental variation

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13
Q

Bioarchaeology

A

Subfield of biological anthropology; ancient health, variation

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14
Q

Forensic Anthropology

A

Subfield of biological anthropology; use of anthropology in legal matters

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15
Q

Epistemology

A

The branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of knowledge and what constitutes a true belief

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16
Q

Science

A

The intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment

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17
Q

Data

A

Factual observations used to support or refute a statement

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18
Q

Hypothesis

A

Provisional statement about a cause and effect relationship

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19
Q

Test

A

A logical attempt to invalidate a hypothetical statement using data

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20
Q

Theory

A

Any hypothesis that had been tested and has not been refuted

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21
Q

Paradigm

A

A view in a large subject; shifts

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22
Q

Species

A

A group of living organisms containing similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding

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23
Q

Catastrophism

A

Cuvier theory that species would die out in catastrophes and go extinct, resulting in new species being formed

24
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

Lyell’s theory that changes in the earths crust during geological history having resulted from the action of continuous and uniform processes; the earth is millions of years old

25
Q

Carrying Capacity

A

The number of people, other living organisms, or crops that a region can support without environment degradation

26
Q

Acquired characteristics

A

Lamark’s theory of animals being changed by ‘vital forces’; modification in an organ or tissue during the lifetime of an organism due to use, disuse, or environmental effects, and not inherited

27
Q

Natural Selection

A

The favoring of traits that result in differential fertility; Requires variation, means of trait inheritance, and differential fertility

28
Q

Differential fertility

A

Variation in fertility of different groups or classes in the population

29
Q

Mutation

A

Spontaneous change in the structure of a gene resulting in a variant form

30
Q

Gene drift

A

Change in the frequency of an existing gene variant in a population due to random sampling of organisms

31
Q

Gene flow

A

The transfer of genetic variation from one population to another; if the rate of gene flow is high enough then two populations are considered to have equal genetic diversity and therefore be a single population

32
Q

Fitness

A

The genetic contribution of an individual to the next generations gene pool

33
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid; the code of someone’s human body. A molecule composed of 2 5-carbon sugars, 2 phosphates, and 2 bases.

34
Q

Adenine

A

One of the four constituent bases of nucleus acid; paired with thymine in double stranded DNA

35
Q

Guanine

A

One of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids; paired with cytosine in DNA

36
Q

Cytosine

A

One of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids; paired with guanine in DNA.

37
Q

Thymine

A

One of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids; paired with adenine in DNA.

38
Q

Uracil

A

Compound found in living tissues, a constituent base of RNA; replaced by thymine in DNA.

39
Q

Heredity

A

Genetic inheritance; the rules of the human body

40
Q

Prokaryotic

A

A unicellular organism that lacks a membrane bound nucleus, mitochondria, or any other membrane bound organelle

41
Q

Eukaryotic

A

An organism whose cells contain a nucleus surrounded by a membrane and whose DNA is bound together by proteins into chromosomes. They’re organized and work well with other cells; humans are just eukaryotic colonies.

42
Q

Organelle

A

Any of a number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell. (In a eukaryotic cell: 1. nucleus 2. mitochondria 3. ribosomes)

43
Q

Nucleus

A

A dense organelle present in most eukaryotic cells, typically and single round structure bounded by a double membrane, containing genetic material.

44
Q

Mitochondria

A

An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur. The powerhouse of the cell; they release ATP which we run on. Mitochondrial DNA is different than your cellular DNA.

45
Q

Ribosome

A

A minute particular consisting of RNA and associated proteins, found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells. They manufacture protein and synthesize polypeptides.

46
Q

Pleiotropy

A

The production by a single gene of two or more apparently unrelated effects. Genes work in nested physiological pathways, so they never never have just a single effect.

47
Q

Hardy-Weinberg

A

A basic principle in genetics: 1. there is a simple relationship between the frequencies of alleles in the gene pool and the frequencies of genotypes in the population; 2. this relationship will be perpetuated indefinitely in future generations. This only describes a population that’s stable and unchanging.

48
Q

Genotypic frequency

A

The number of individuals in a population with a given genotype divided by the total number of individuals in the population; proportion of members of a group with a specific genotype.

49
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger RNA. It’s function is to copy sections of DNA inside the nucleus and then carry it to the ribosome to transcribe and translate into protein production.

50
Q

tRNA

A

Transfer RNA. Delivers amino acids according to the sequence specified by the DNA

51
Q

Amino Acid

A

Three base pairs form a codon, which specifies an an amino acid. 64 possibilities but only 20 distinct amino acids found in nature. They can be redundant and formed the same by different codons.

52
Q

Codon

A

A sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule.

53
Q

Stop Codon

A

A nucleotide triplet within messenger RNA that signals a termination of translation into proteins. Stops the production of protein.

54
Q

Protein

A

A molecule composed of polymers of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds. Produced in the ribosomes of your cells.

55
Q

Gene

A

A sequence of DNA that specifies the order of amino acids in a protein.

56
Q

Gamete

A

A mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote.

57
Q

Allele

A

One of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.

Physical Anthropology (1 decks)

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