Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ISBM > Exam #1 > Flashcards

Exam #1 Flashcards

1
Q

hypovolemic

A

decreased blood volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

hypoatremic

A

decreased Na levels in body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

factors (other than disease) that effect normal values

A

gender, age, ethnicity, time of day/month/year, posture, source of sample, stress, nutrition, pregnancy, medications, etc.`

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

sensitivity

A

the ability of a test to detect disease in a diseased population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

specificity

A

the ability of a test to detect non-disease in a non diseased population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

positive predictive value

A

number of truly positive results within the total number of positive results (how confound am I that a pos test means disease)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

negative predictive value

A

number of truly negative results within the total number of negative results (how confidant am I that a neg result means non-disease)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

homeostasis

A

maintenance of the constancy of the internal environment (i.e. ECF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

indicators used to detect true compartment volumes

A

TBW: tritium labeled H2O (3-H2O)
ECF: labeled polysaccharide (14-C) - insulin
Plasma: labeled protein (125I) - albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

assumptions - conservation of mass equation for determining fluid volumes

A

volume of indicator injected is negligible
indicator disperses equally and only in compartment of interest
enough time was allowed for equilibrium to be reached
compound did not metabolize, secrete or excrete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

principle of electrical neutrality

A

within a single fluid compartment, the positive charges equal the negative charges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

amphipathic molecule

A

possesses two opposing physical / chemical features in the same molecule (ex. lipid constituents of bilayers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

three lipid constituents of bilayers

A

glycerol-phospholipids - glycerol and phospate (polar, hydrofoil head and fat acid (non-polar, hydrophobic tail)

cholesterol - polar hydroxyl group (OH), ridged ring system, and non-polar hydrocarbon tail

sphingomyelin - ceramide (hydrophobic) to which phosphate group and other head groups are attached

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

polarity

A

differential attraction of atoms for the shared electrons that make up the bond (for atoms or molecules)

  • occurs in covalent bonds
  • determines solubility in aqueous environment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

hydrogen bond

A

weak electrostatic attraction between a hydrogen bound to an electronegative atom and another electronegative atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

weak intermolecular attractions - key in biological systems

A

hydrogen bonds

ionic bonds (salt bridges) - electrostatic attractions b/t positive and negative entities

hydrophobic bonds - interactions that exist b/t molecules that are non-polar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what factors determine if a substance will pass through a membrane

A

size, polarity, and charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

aquaporins

A

family of transmembrane proteins that allow the passage of water through them via electrostatic interactions b/t water and the side chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

permeability coefficients (cm/sec)

A

ability of a substance to cross a membrane

- higher - more permeable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

oil-water partition coefficient (beta)

A

%age of a molecule that will exist in the oil compartment relative to the aqueous compartment of a solution
- high = larger conc gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

integral membrane protein
specificity
saturable
requires conc gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Vmax

A

maximum rate of transport; pt where no matter how much you inc conc gradient, you will not see a change in velocity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Km

A

concentration of ligand (transported substance) that will result in establishment of 1/2 Km

24
Q

secondary active transport / cotransport

A

integral membrane protein
specificity
saturable
requires conc gradient of one substance to drive the moment of second substrate

Note: uniport, sumport, antiport

25
Q

channel proteins

A 
integral membrane protein
specificity (relative)
note saturable
voltage or ligand driven: this opens channel
 - very high rate of movement
26
Q

primary active transport

A 
integral membrane protein
specificity
saturable
requires direct source of chemical energy
able to work against conc gradient
27
Q

equilibrium / stead state

A

moment of solute is equal in each direction, but there is no net movement

28
Q

reflection coefficient (lambda)

A

direct indicator of the ease at which a substance moves across a membrane

ranges from 0-1 (the higher the value the less permeable) - alues outside this range are not capable of passing through a membrane

substance with a high reflection coefficient will move a greater amount of water with it when it moves

29
Q

osmosis

A

moment of eater from an area of high chemical potential (conc) to an area of low chemical potential (conc)

30
Q

osmicity (osmolar conc)

A

concentration (sum) of all osmotically active solutes in a solution

31
Q

osmolarity

A

mOsm / L

32
Q

tonicity

A

the effect the similarity of a solution will have on cell volume

33
Q

osmotic pressure of a solution (pie)

A

function of the # of ions formed from a particular solute and the conc of that solute

34
Q

free water

A

water that is osmotically unencumbered (not bound to any molecules)

35
Q

pH

A

concentration of free protons in a solution; negative log of conc of hydrogen ions

36
Q

Bronstead-Lowry acid and base

A

acid: species that is able to donate a proton
base: species that is able to accept a proton

37
Q

Lewis acid and base

A

acid: species that can accept an electron pair
base: species which is the source of an electron pair

38
Q

weak acid / weak base

A

does not fully dissociate

39
Q

conjugate acid / conjugate base

A

acid: molecule b/f an electron has been accepted / proton donated
base: molecule after an electron has been accepted / proton donated

40
Q

dissociation constant (Ka)

A

quantitative measure of the strength of an acid in solution

  • fixed ratio
  • pKa = -log Ka
41
Q

buffer

A

aqueous system the resists changes in pH when a small amount of acid or base are added

42
Q

equivalence point

A

point at which all conjugate acid has donated all of its protons and only conjugate base exists

43
Q

ketone bodies

A

acetoacetate
D-B-hydroxybuterate
acetone

low pKa, so exists primarily in ionized form

44
Q

carbonic anhydrase

A

enzyme that rapidly catalyzes CO2 and H2O to H2CO3 (and H+ and HCO3-)

45
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

total amount of air that is inspired or expired in 1 minute (l/min)

46
Q

acidemia

A

blood pH

47
Q

acidosis

A

physiological process that inc conc of H+

48
Q

alkalemia

A

blood pH > 7.42

alkalosis

49
Q

alkalosis

A

physiological process that dec conc of H+

50
Q

respiratory acidosis - causes

A

inadequate alveolar ventilation resulting in accumulation of CO2 (inc PCO2)

drug-induced
reduced neural control of resp muscles
polio (disease paralyzes resp muscles)

51
Q

respiratory alkalosis

A

reduction in PCO2

hyperventilation
altitude
fever - stimulates resp activity
meningitis

52
Q

metabolic acidosis

A

most common acid/base disorder!!

kidney failure
uncontrolled DM or DKA
severe diarrhea
exercise - lactic acid build-up)

53
Q

metabolic alkalosis

A

vomiting (most common)
antacid (frank base) injection - NaHCO3
Diuretics

54
Q

chrial carbon

A

central carbon with 4 different atoms or groups of atoms bound to it by covalent bonds (exception: glycerine)

55
Q

isoelectric species

A

amino acid species with no net charge (even though possesses two opposite charges)

56
Q

peptide bond

A

results in covalent bond between N and C of two amino acids

- no rotation about bond / amide plane

ISBM (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions