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1
Q

This is one of the oldest enterprises in human intellectual history

A

Human thought

2
Q

What is Epistemology

A

(This is the nature, origin, acquisition, and purpose of knowledge)

3
Q

This was a cornerstone of the Greek philosophical tradition

A

Epistemology

4
Q

Why has human thought been difficult to study scientifically?

A

Because of its personal private nature

5
Q

What has made it possible to study human thought

A

advances in cognitive theory and scientific methods

6
Q

This field of psychology has permeated all other fields of psychology

A

cognitive psychology

7
Q

What is psychology?

A

Studying human behavior as a science

8
Q

When did cognitive psychology started?

A

in the 20th century after WWII

9
Q

What is the “cocktail party effect”?

A

our ability to focus on one out of many voices

10
Q

What is Cognitive Psychology

A

is the study of how people perceive, learn. remember, and think about information

11
Q

Why does apple spend so much money advertising for there iPhone?

A

bc of availability heuristic

12
Q

using availability heuristic we…

A

make judgments on the basis of how easily we call to mind what we perceive as relevant instances of a phenomenon

13
Q

Why study the history of cognitive psychology?

A

If we know where we came from, we may have a better understanding of where we are heading, we learn from past mistakes

14
Q

cognitive psychologist hope to learn what?

A

how people think by studying how people have thoughts about thinking

15
Q

The progression of ideas often involves …

A

dialect

16
Q

What is dialect?

A

is a developmental process where ideas evolve over time through a pattern of transformation

17
Q

what is a thesis

A

a statement of belief

18
Q

some people believe that human nature governs many aspects of human behavior. This is an example of a ?

A

Thesis

19
Q

What is this pattern in a dialect?

A
  • thesis is proposed
  • An antithesis emerges
  • A synthesis integrates the viewpoints
20
Q

Psychology adopted what and evolved out of ______

A

scientific method

philosophy

21
Q

Cognitive Psychology evolved from what era?

A

philosophical area of epistemology

22
Q

What is epistemology?

A

(study of knowledge) which investigates the origins, nature, methods, and limits of human knowledge.

23
Q

Physical properties properties and behaviors of humans which have survival value tend to

A

increase in the population due to natural selection

24
Q

Fast and accurate capabilities have

A

Very High survival value

25
Q

Organization of related statements that summarize and explain observations

A

Theory

26
Q

What are three things that theories do?

A

Strives for laws (high probability)
Often settles for principles (Reasonable probability)
Avoids beliefs (unmeasured probability)

27
Q

What do purposes do?

A

They explain cause and effect relationships in reality
Explain past experiences
Predict the further experiences
Provide methods for organizing experiences to change behavior in specific ways

28
Q

how many laws are there in psychology?

A

NONE

29
Q

are there principles in psychology?

A

Yes

i.e. Fight or flight

30
Q

DO we have beliefs in psychology?

A

yes

31
Q

Criteria for theories:

A

-Accurately describes and summarizes reality
-can be understood
-Parsimonious
-make predictions that can be tested
-useful in the real world
internally consistent
-generate laws and principles
-minimizes beliefs and assumptions
-stimulate additional thought and research

32
Q

Occam’s Razor

A

Parsimonious, If you have a collection of explanations for the same phenomenon and both predict just as well, go with the one that simpler

33
Q

What is another word for Parsimonious?

A

elegant

34
Q

Good theories are

A

internally consistent

35
Q

A good theory makes

A

a lot of research, hence Sigmund Freud

36
Q

Science means

A

a methodology for determining cause and effect in the natural world

37
Q

science is not a thing, it is

A

something you do and in order to do it you have to measure it

38
Q

whether the IV causes

A

the DV

39
Q

Control means

A

to hold other things constant

40
Q

determining to who the results apply

A

subject population
subject sample
comparison sample

41
Q

In order to evaluate a psychology experiment you have to ask 4 things:

A

are the IV and DV operationally defined
in the sample representative
is the subject bias controlled
Is experimenter bias controlled

42
Q

The early greeks have framed

A

almost every question concerning human nature

43
Q

the early greeks employed what approach

A

the rationalist approach

44
Q

This Greek philosopher believed that knowledge was innate and accounted socrates eliciting understanding of geometry from slave boy

A

plato

45
Q

antithesis is a

A

statement that counters a previous statement of belief

46
Q

an alternative view is that our nurture (the environmental contexts in which we are reefed) almost entirely determines many aspects of human behavior, this is an example of …

A

antithesis

47
Q

sooner or later the debate bw the thesis and antithesis leads to a

A

synthesis

48
Q

what is a synthesis?

A

integrates the most credible features of each of two or more views

That is that nature and nurture both take part in human behavior

49
Q

Culture influences…

A

many cognitive process

50
Q

He observed this dialectal progression of ideas. was a German philosopher who came to his ideas by his own dialect (1770-1831)

A

George Hegal

51
Q

The earliest roots of psychology to 2 approaches to understanding the human minds:

A

Philosophy

Physiology

52
Q

general nature of many aspects of the world, in part through introspective

A

Philosophy

53
Q

the examination if inner ideas and experiences

A

introspective

54
Q

seeks a scientific study of life-sustaining functions in living matter, primarily through empirical

A

Physiology

55
Q

These 2 Greek philosophers have affected modern thing in psych.

A

plato and his student arise.

56
Q

Plato was a rationalist meaning that

A

the route of knowledge is through thinking and logical analysis

57
Q

A naturalist and biologist as well as a philosopher was an

A

empiricist

58
Q

empiricist believes

A

that we acquire knowledge through empirical evidence

59
Q

This person viewed the introspective, reflective method as being superior to empirical methods for finding truth

A

Decarte

60
Q

“cogito, ergo sum”

A

Decarte I think therefore I am

61
Q

I think therefore I am means:

A

hat his existence is that he was thinking and doubting and TF this is the only thing that you can be certain of bc everything else is deceptive

62
Q

This person believed that humans are born without knowledge and tf must seek knowledge through empirical observation

A

Locke

63
Q

Tabula rasa

A

blank slate

64
Q

the idea of “blank slate” is that

A

the study of learning was the KEY to understanding the human mind, there are no INNATE IDEAS

65
Q

this person believed that both rationalism and empiricism have their place

A

Kant

66
Q

this seeks to understand the configuration of elements of the mind and its perceptions by analyzing those perceptions int their constituent components (affection, memory, attention, and perception

A

structuralism

67
Q

In the human mind structuralist sought to

A

deconstruct the human mind into elementary components and were also interested in how these elementary ,components work together to create the mind

68
Q

this as a German psychologist whose ideas contributed to the development of structuralism and is viewed as the founder of structuralism in such.

A

Wundt

69
Q

Wundt used _____

A

introspection: looking inward at pieces of pieces of info. passing through consciousness

70
Q

What is the aim of introspection

A

is to look at the elementary comp. of an object or process

71
Q

What are the challenges associated with introspection?

A

1) people may not always be able to say what goes through there ming
2) what they say may not be accurate
3) The fact that people are asked to pay attention to their thoughts or to speak out loud while they are working on a task may itself alter the process that are going on.

72
Q

Wundt American student who is known as the first full-fledged structuralist

A

Edward Titchener

73
Q

Titchener’s experiments relied solely on the use of what?

A

Introspection, exploring psychology from the vantage point of the experiencing individual

74
Q

the critics of method (introspection) and the focus (elementary strutters of sensation) gave rise to what?

A

functionalism

75
Q

Functionalism focus is:

A

processes of thought rather than on its contents

Seeks to understand what people do and why they do it

76
Q

What is the key to understanding the human mind and behavior for functionalist?

A

was to study the processes of how and why the mind works as it does, rather than to study the structural contents and elements of the mind

77
Q

American Psychologist who founded “Pragmatism”

A

James William

78
Q

He believed that the Human mind to be inherently purposive

A

William James

79
Q

This person believed in the “stream of consciousness”

A

William James

80
Q

What is the “stream of consciousness”?

A

Considered consciousness as a non-recurring mental process

81
Q

Wrote the Principles of Psychology (1890) and what did it discuss?

A

It discussed a wide variety of cognitive topics such as consciousness, attention, and perception

82
Q

This person emphasized driving structures as driving behavior

A

Freud

83
Q

Developed a highly detailed theory of mind

A

Freud

84
Q

Emphasized consciousness and mental processes

A

Freud

85
Q

Has been criticized for developing untestable theories

A

Freud

86
Q

Has stimulated enormous research and debate

A

Freud

87
Q

However a cigar is just a cigar :D

A

Freud; the oral complex

88
Q

Both of these individuals were polymaths

A

William james and Freud

89
Q

Pragmatism means

A

The only ben. that you are going to study is the ben. that is useful to the world

90
Q

Employed the scientific approach

lacked the tools to study thought, so just studied ben.

A

Behaviorists

91
Q

They believed that learning is change in observable motor beh. in response to observable external experience

A

American Behaviorists

92
Q

Stimulus-> response

A

Both of these can be physical and observable responses; are the view of American Behaviorists

93
Q

Behaviorist part take in External Processes

A

This is where they take part in observing the physical environment and external behavior

94
Q

He states that Psychology as the “behaviorist views it is an objective and experimental branch of natural science…”

A

John B Watson (1878-1958):

95
Q

He states that “introspection forms no essential part of its methods, nor s the scientific value f its data dependent upon the readiness with which they lend themselves to interpretation in terms of consciousness”

A

John B. Watson (1878-1958)

96
Q

this person left John Hopkins and invented advertising at the J. Walter Thompson Company

A

John B. Watson (1878-1958)

97
Q

Invented “infomercial” with radio broadcast on the healthful effects of salvation from Pebeco toothpaste

A

John B. Watson (1878-1959)

98
Q

Who was the most influential behaviorist

Studied in detal the relationship between ben. and consequences ( both good and bad) of beh.

A

B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)

99
Q

Studied in detail the acquisition and extinction of learned responses:

A

B.F.Skinner (1904-1990)

100
Q

Wrote Verbal H=Behavior(1957) in which he argued that language could be explained with just behaviorist concepts of stimulus and response.

A

B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)

101
Q

This person qualifying mathematical and theoretical

A

B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)

102
Q

Verbal Beh. is that the use of language is all earned from our environment/ Language ben. is 100% learned

A

B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)

103
Q

This employs a scientific approach

Has the tools to study thought

A

Cognitive approach

104
Q

Learning is change in observable motor beh. or unobservable internal mental beh. in response to observable external experience of unobservable internal mental experience

A

Cognitive approach

105
Q

Stimulus –> Thought –> Response –>

A

Cognitive Approach

106
Q

Stimulus and response can be observed of inferred

A

Cognitive Approach

107
Q

This person was a Neo-behaviorist and believed that ben. was “purposeful”

A

EDWARD TOLMAN (1886-1959)

108
Q

Animals developed “expectations” concerning the outcomes of their ben.

A

Edward Tolman (1886-1959)

109
Q

Animals developed “cognitive maps” of their environment

A

Edward Tolman (1886-1959)

110
Q

This person was a Neo-behaviorist who proposed “meditational constructs”

A

Donald Hebb (1904-1985)

111
Q

These are mental processes that connect stimuli to responses

A

“meditational constructs”

112
Q

“Hebb’s Rule” suggests:

A

a neural mechanism for learning which involves the strengthening or weakening of synapses i the brain
In other words how the neurons become linked together in the brain

113
Q
Max Wertheimer (1880-1943)
Wolfhang Kohler (1887-1967)
Kurt Koffka (1886-1941)
Where labeled as the Berlin Group
A

the Berlin Group

114
Q

This approach to a molar one and is German for “whole”

“The whole is different from the sum of the parts”

A

Gestalt Psychology
Grouping people together does not get you more
This means you are missing the big picture

115
Q

This approach did not distinguish between perception, cognition, and problem solving

A

Gestalt

116
Q

Emphasized the organization of perceptions and memories rather than individual perceptions and memories

A

Gestalt

117
Q

Organization of perceptions and memories is knowledge that allows organism to learn, dove problems through insight, and thus predict and control its environment.

A

Gestalt

118
Q

The word “datum” is singular whereas the word “data” is plural (T/F)

A

True

119
Q

The human memory system is like a filing cabinet. Data are accurately filed, stored and retrieved (true/False)

A

false

120
Q

We directly perceive reality. when we look around us, what we perceive is exactly identical to what is actually out there

A

false

121
Q

Which of the following sentences is grammatically correct?

a) me and Billy-Bob done gone to the icehouse to see where the beer be at
b) Jesse and Frankie ain’t gonna rile up them bees no more
c) After carefully analyzing the data, Dr. Stanglove concludes that they do not support the hypothesis
d) After carefully analyzing the data, Dr. Strangelove concludes that it does not support the hypothesis

A

c