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Flashcards in Evolution Deck (31)
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1
Q

Hardy Weinberg Principles

A

Genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, natural selection, large population

2
Q

Genetic Drift

A

Chance events that change allele frequencies (founder effect and bottleneck effect)

3
Q

Gene Flow

A

Movement of individuals in and out of a population - changes gene frequencies by adding or moving out some alleles

4
Q

Mutation

A

mutation creates variation by changing alleges- ex A to a

5
Q

Natural Selection

A

Differential survival and reproduction rates

6
Q

Large Population

A

Makes allele changes more/less reasonable (flipping a penny 10 times vs 100)

7
Q

Prereproductive bariers

A

Geographic isolation - separated by physical barriers
Ecological isolation - different habitats prevent species from mating
Temporal isolation - mate in different seasons
Behavioral isolation - when a cerian behavior prevents species from mating, ex when bird songs don’t match
Mechanical isolation - physical differences prevent mating
Gametic Isolation - sperm cell chemically can’t enter egg cell

8
Q

Post reproductive isolation

A

Prevent hybrids from becoming fertile adults
Reduced hybrid viability - f2 offspring are weaker
Reduced hybrid fertility - sterile offspring are produced
Hybrid breakdown - first generation hybrids are strong and offspring in next generation are weak

9
Q

Speciation

A

Evolutionary processes through which new species arise

10
Q

Allopathic Speciation

A

Comes out of geographic isolation

11
Q

Sympatric Speciation

A

When species still live in the same area but a mutation stops them from breeding with their original species

12
Q

Punctuated Equilibrium

A

No constant rate of speciation, it occurs in rapid bursts of change

13
Q

Gradualism

A

Thought by Darwin and Lyell

Gradual divergence over long periods of time

14
Q

Evidence for Evolution

A

Fossils, DNA similarities, embryology, homologous and analogues structures

15
Q

Homologous structures

A

Existence of shared ancestry between structures in different species - ex wings in bats and arms of primates.
STRUCTURES ADAPTED TO DIFFERENT PURPOSES FROM THE SAME COMMON ANSCESTOR

16
Q

Analogues structures

A

Structures that have the same function but different origins

17
Q

Darwin and Natural selection

A

Organisms best fit for survival in a particular environment would be selected to live against those less suited for the environment

18
Q

Comparing DNA variations

A

DNA variations can be used to compare where species branched off based on different mutations - ESPECIALLY IN MITOCHONDRIA

19
Q

Hardy Weinberg equations

A

If none of the 5 agents for evolution happen, gene frequencies don’t change
p+q=1
p^2 + 2pq + q^2=1

20
Q

Founder Effect

A

When a small group splinters and starts a new colony

21
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

When a disaster or ecological change kills almost all of a species but a small group, which changes allele frequencies based on those that survive

22
Q

Non random mating

A

Mating based on certain attractive characteristics

23
Q

Reproductive isolation

A

Key to developing new species

24
Q

Darwins principles

A
  1. Individuals vary in their chsracteristics
  2. Variations are inherited
  3. Many individuals don’t survive to adulthood
  4. Individuals who have more resources bc of their characteristics produce surviving offspring
25
Q

RNA world hypothesis

A

Hypothesis that protobionts were RNA that eventually evolved into DNA

26
Q

Lamarck

A

Known for being false, thought that organisms pass on acquired traits to find a more perfect form

27
Q

Embryology

A

Organisms with common ancestors have similar developmental cycles

28
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

Extremes at both ends of a phenotype are eliminated

29
Q

Directional selection

A

One extreme is old elected but not the other, so population moves in one direction

30
Q

Disruptive selection

A

Favors both extremes, but selects against middle

31
Q

Phylogeny

A

A diagram indicating evolutionary relationships between specimens