//Ethnic Differences in Achievement Flashcards

1
Q

Define the term ‘ethnic group’.

A

People who share common history, customs and identity, as well as, in most cases, language and religion, and who see themselves as a distinct unit.. These people can be a majority group or a minority group.

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2
Q

How do intellectual and linguistic skills affect educational achievement?

A

Bereiter and Engelmann consider the language spoken by low-income black American families as inadequate for educational success.

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3
Q

How do attitudes and values affect educational achievement?

A

Cultural deprivation theorists see lack of motivation as a major cause of the failure of many black children.

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4
Q

How do family structure and parental support affect educational achievement?

A

Moynihan argues that because many black families are headed by a lone mother, their children are deprived of adequate care because she has to struggle financially in the absence of a male breadwinner.

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5
Q

Note one example of compensatory education.

A

Operation Head Start. It was set up to compensate children for the cultural deficit they are said to suffer because of their deprived backgrounds.

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6
Q

Define multicultural education.

A

A policy that recognises and values minority cultures and includes them in he curriculum.

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7
Q

Define anti-racist education.

A

A policy that challenges the prejudice and discrimination that exists in schools and a wider society.

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8
Q

What are three criticisms of the cultural deprivation theory?

A

Keddie sees cultural deprivation as a myth and sees it as a victim-blaming explanation. she dismissed the idea that failure at school can be blamed on a culturally deprived background.
Troyna and Williams argue that the problem is not the child’s language but the school’s attitude towards it.
Blackstone and Mortimore argue that working class parents do not have the education or the knowledge to help their children.

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9
Q

Define material deprivation.

A

Refers to poverty and a lack of material necessities such as adequate housing an income.

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10
Q

Give four reasons why ethnic minority pupils are more likely to suffer material deprivation linked to housing and low income.

A

Almost half of all ethnic minority children live in low-income households, as against a quarter of white children.
Ethnic minorities are twice as likely to be unemployed compared with whites.
Ethnic minority households are around three times as likely to be homeless.
Almost half of Bangladeshi and Pakistani workers earned under £7 per hour, compared with only a quarter of British workers.

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11
Q

What evidence is there that ethnicity may sometimes be more important than class in pupils’ achievement?

A

In 2011, 86% of Chinese girls who received free school meals achieved 5 or more higher grade GCSEs, compared with only 65% of white girls.

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12
Q

According to Rex, how does racism lead to social exclusion in housing?

A

Discrimination means that minorities are more likely to be forced into substandard accommodation than white people of the same class.

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13
Q

According to Wood et al, how does racism lead to social exclusion in employment?

A

He sent job applications to nearly 1,000 job vacancies. These came from fictitious applicants using names from different ethnic groups. For each job, one application appeared to come from a white person and two from members of minority groups. He found that only one in 16 ethnic minority applications got an interview, in comparison to one in nine whites.

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14
Q

How does Gillborn and Mirza’s study challenge the cultural deprivation theory?

A

They found that in one local education authority, black children were the highest achievers on entry to primary school (20 percentage points above the local average), yet by the time it came to GCSE, they had the worst results of any ethnic group - 21 points below the average.

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15
Q

How does labelling and teacher racism affect educational achievement?

A

Wright’s study of a multi-ethnic primary school found that Asian pupils are also victims of labelling. They found that teachers assumed that Asian pupils would have a poor grasp of English and therefore left them out of class discussions and spoke to them using simplistic language.

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16
Q

How do pupil identities affect educational achievement?

A

Archer identifies three different pupil identifies:
The ideal pupil - A white, middle-class, masculinised identity.
The pathologised pupil - someone who succeeds through hard work rather than natural ability.
The demonised pupil - A black or white, working class, hyper-sexualised identity. This pupil is seen as unintelligent and culturally deprived.

17
Q

How do pupils responses and subcultures affect educational achievement?

A

Mirza identifies three different types of teacher racism.
The colour blind - teachers who believe all pupils are equal but in practice allow racism to go unchallenged.
The liberal chauvinists - teachers who believe black pupils are culturally deprived and who have low expectations of them.
The overt racists - teachers who believe blacks are inferior and actively discriminate against them.

18
Q

Give two criticisms of the labelling theory.

A

There is a danger of assuming that once labelled, pupils automatically fall victim to the self-fulfilling prophecy and fail. However, Mac an Ghail proves that this is not always the case.
There is a danger of seeing these stereotypes as simply the product of individual teachers’ prejudices, rather than of racism in the way that the whole education system operates.

19
Q

Define individual racism.

A

A result of prejudiced views of individual teachers and others.

20
Q

Define institutional racism.

A

Discrimination that is built into the way institutions such as schools and colleges operate.

21
Q

How does Sewell criticise Gillborn’s view?

A

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22
Q

How has the achievement of model minorities been used to criticise Gillborn?

A

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23
Q

In Gillborn’s view, how do model minorities conceal institutional racism?

A

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24
Q

What does Connolly mean by the ‘interactions effect’?

A

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25
Q

Give one or more examples of how the interactions effect affects ethnic differences in achievement.

A

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26
Q

According to the critical race theory, racism is a ‘locked-in equality’. Explain what this means.

A

The scale of historical discrimination is so large that there no longer needs to be any conscious intent to discriminate - the inequality becomes self-perpetuating: it feeds on itself.

27
Q

What are marketisation and segregation and how do they affect educational achievement?

A

Gillborn argues that marketisation gives schools more scope to select pupils, it allows negative stereotypes to influence decisions about school admissions.

28
Q

What is the ethnocentric curriculum and how does it affect educational achievement?

A

The term ethnocentric describes an attitude or policy that gives priority to the culture and viewpoint of one particular ethnic group- usually the dominant culture.
Examples of ethnocentric curriculum include

29
Q

What is the assessment and how does it affect educational achievement?

A

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30
Q

How do access to opportunities affect educational achievement?

A

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31
Q

What is the ‘new IQism’ and how does it affect educational achievement?

A

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