****Ethical Guidelines Flashcards Preview

A Level Psychology (AS Edexcel) > ****Ethical Guidelines > Flashcards

Flashcards in ****Ethical Guidelines Deck (27)
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1
Q

Informed consent

A

Pps must be given full information about the nature and purpose of the study, and their role in it

2
Q

Deception

A

Researchers should not lie to a pp about the aims or procedure of the investigation that they take part in

3
Q

Protection from harm

A

Researchers should avoid negative physical effects and negative psychological effects

4
Q

Confidentiality

A

Researchers should not share pps personal information, and must gain permission if they do wish to share the information

5
Q

Privacy

A

Researchers should not enter a pps private physical space or emotional territory, and pps can feel confident to be able to withdraw if they feel that their privacy is invaded

6
Q

Right to withdraw

A

It must be made clear to pps that they can leave a study whenever they wish

7
Q

Why sometimes informed consent needs to be unfollowed?

A

If informed consent is given, many create demand characteristics that could affect validity

8
Q

Why deception needs to be unfollowed?

A
  • To achieve valid results
  • avoid demand characteristics
    e. g. using stooge
9
Q

Why protection from harm is unfollowed?

A

Sometimes harm is unpredictable, and sometimes a small amount of discomfort is needed to achieve valid results

10
Q

Why confidentiality is unfollowed?

A

Procedural details may still lead to pp identification

11
Q

Why privacy is unfollowed?

A

In order to achieve valid results, collecting personal information is sometimes required

12
Q

Why right to withdraw is unfollowed?

A
  • Incentives may make pps obligate to stay, e.g. if they are paid
  • may not reached far enough into the treatment program
13
Q

How to deal with informed consent?

A

pp should formally agree, in WRITING, before the study

  • if not possible, ask a similar group of people and see how they would feel about taking part
  • give info sheet with all experimental details and how to contact investigators
  • if informed consent would impact validity, a DEBREIF is necessary after the study
14
Q

How to deal with deception?

A
  • seek permission from an ethical committee
  • true aim told when debriefing
  • though this cannot stop feelings of distrust
15
Q

How to deal with protection from harm?

A

avoid risks greater than those in everyday life, stop immediately and offer psychological support as part of the debrief

16
Q

How to deal with confidentiality?

A

No names, to use numbers or pseudonyms instead. Store info securely

17
Q

How to deal with privacy?

A

do not observe without consent if possible, otherwise give a debrief, maintain confidentiality

  • always make it clear to pps that they can withdraw if they suspect
18
Q

How to deal with right to withdraw?

A

at the start and during the study, researchers must remind pps of their right to withdraw

  • pps get to keep any incentives even if they withdraw
19
Q

Replacement

A
  • replacing animal experiment with alternatives
  • e.g. video from previous studies / computer stimulation
  • only if it won’t affect the quality of research
20
Q

Species and strain

A
  • species chosen are the ones least likely to suffer pain/distress
  • e.g. lab raised animals are less distressed when working in a lab
21
Q

Number of animals (also how to improve)

A
  • minimum no. of animals
  • to produce valid and reliable results
  • e.g. improve experimental design, Improving techniques of data analysis
    Sharing information with other researchers
22
Q

Procedure: Pain and distress

A
  • avoid causing death, disease, physical harm or psychological harm to animals
  • pay attention to animals well being by providing daily care
23
Q

Housing

A
  • refrain from isolating and overcrowding animals as can cause distress
  • give enough space to move freely
  • give enough food and water
  • artificial must have aspects of their natural experiment
24
Q

Reward, deprivation and aversive stimuli

A
  • the use of preferred item should be used as a reward not punishment
25
Q

What does informed consent must include? (6 points)

A
  1. participation is voluntary and that refusal to participate will not result in any consequences or any loss of benefits
  2. Purpose of the research.
  3. All foreseeable risks and discomforts to the participant
  4. Procedures
  5. Benefits of the research to society
  6. Length of time the subject is expected to participate
26
Q

What should pps be told when debriefing?

A
  • they have been deceived and given reasons why
  • if they have any questions and those questions should be answered
  • take reasonable steps to ensure that participants understand debriefing
27
Q

What is the aim of debriefing?

A

not just to provide information, but to help the participant LEAVE the experimental situation in a similar frame of mind as when he/she entered it