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NAS 2 > Enzymes PPT > Flashcards

Enzymes PPT Flashcards

1
Q

the capacity to do work

A

energy

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2
Q

How do cells obtain energy?

A
  1. sun

2. organic/ inorganic compounds

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3
Q

List the 2 types of energy.

A
  1. kinetic energy

2. potential energy

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4
Q

chemical energy stored in bonds; concentration gradient across a membrane

A

potential energy

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5
Q

light; sound; movement of atoms and molecules; muscle contraction

A

kinetic energy

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6
Q

List 4 forms of energy.

A
  1. chemical
  2. electrical
  3. mechanical
  4. radiant or electromagnetic
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7
Q

form of energy stored in bonds of chemical substances

A

chemical energy

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8
Q

form of energy which results from movement of charged particles

A

electrical energy

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9
Q

form of energy directly involved in moving matter

A

mechanical energy

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10
Q

form of energy which travels in waves (e.g. visible light, ultraviolet light, and x-rays)

A

radiant or electromagnetic energy

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11
Q

Explain the flow of energy.

A

one way:

  • starts with the sun (lost)
  • transferred to environment
  • transferred to organisms (gain)
  • transferred back to environment (loss)
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12
Q

reaction that occurs whenever chemical bonds are formed, rearranged, or broken

A

chemical reaction

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13
Q

reaction pathway term:

substances that enter a reaction

A

substrates

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14
Q

What are substrates also called?

A

reactants/ precursors

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15
Q

reaction pathway term:

any substance that forms between the start and conclusion of the pathway

A

intermediate

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16
Q

reaction pathway term:

substances left at the end of the reaction

A

end products

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17
Q

reaction pathway term:

proteins that speed up specific reactions

A

enzymes

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18
Q

reaction pathway term:

assist enzymes

A

cofactors

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19
Q

chemical reaction in which small molecules are used to build bigger ones

A

anabolic

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20
Q

chemical reaction in which large molecules are broken down into smaller products

A

catabolic

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21
Q

the total of reactions taking place inside the cell

A

metabolism

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22
Q

chemical reaction in which smaller particles are bonded together to form larger, more complex molecules molecules

A

synthesis reaction

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23
Q

Give an example of a synthesis reaction.

A

Amino acids are joined together to form a protein molecule.

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24
Q

Synthesis reactions are also called ___ or ___ reactions when water is produced.

A

condensation/ dehydration synthesis

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25
Q

chemical reaction in which bonds are broken in larger molecules, resulting in smaller, less complex molecules

A

decomposition reaction

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26
Q

Give an example of a decomposition reaction.

A

Glycogen is broken down to release glucose units.

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27
Q

Decomposition reactions are also called ___ reactions when water is split.

A

hydrolysis

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28
Q

The patterns of chemical reactions can be either ___ or ___.

A

constructive,

degradative

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29
Q

reactions where electrons are exchanged

A

oxidation-reduction (“redox”) reactions

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30
Q

part of a redox reaction:

gain of electrons; electron acceptor

A

reduction

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31
Q

part of a redox reaction:

loss of electrons; electron donor

A

oxidation

32
Q

Where can oxidation-reduction reactions be observed?

A

in cellular reactions such as cellular respiration

33
Q

energy flow in chemical reactions:

energy input required; product has more energy than starting substances

A

endergonic

34
Q

energy flow in chemical reactions:

energy released; products have less energy than starting substances; occurs spontaneously

A

exergonic

35
Q

Reactions move towards ___.

A

equilibrium

36
Q

When does chemical equilibrium occur?

A

if neither a forward nor reverse reaction is dominant

37
Q

What prevents equilibrium?

A

“disappearance” of a product

38
Q

Do reactions run at the same/different rates in forward and reverse directions?

A

the same rate

39
Q

In forward and reverse reactions, are the rates of product and reactant formation equal/different?

A

equal

40
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine Tri-Phosphate

41
Q

nucleotide that acts like cell’s currency; directly powers chemical reactions in cells; energy form immediately useable by all body cells

A

Adenosine Tri-Phosphate (ATP)

42
Q

Energy from ATP is stored when phosphate groups are added onto ADP in ___ reactions.

A

phosphorylation

43
Q

in this process ADP and a free phosphate form ATP, storing energy in a form the cell can use

A

ADP phosphorylation

44
Q

in this process the last phosphate is broken off; ATP becomes ADP and a free phosphate; energy released is used to power a reaction

A

ATP hydrolysis

45
Q

ATP links what reactions?

A

endergonic to exergonic

46
Q

Reactions release and store energy in ___.

A

ATP

47
Q

All cells depend on the ___ in ATP.

A

potential energy

48
Q

Metabolic reactions in cells are ___ reactions.

A

coupled

49
Q

Burning glucose directly is an ___ method of acquiring energy. Why?

A

inefficient,

most energy lost as heat

50
Q

The electron transport chain is an ___ method of acquiring energy. Why?

A

efficient,

works like a staircase

51
Q

method of acquiring energy in which molecules give and accept electrons in steps; ATP is produced

A

electron transport chain

52
Q

Which parts of the electron transport chain have the highest and lowest amounts of energy?

A

highest energy: start of chain,

lowest energy: end of chain

53
Q

What type of reactions does the electron transport chain use to ultimately produce ATP?

A

oxidation-reduction

54
Q

Exergonic reactions are spontaneous and can occur on their own, why haven’t they all occurred already?

A

requires an activation energy input to break the bonds and start the reaction

55
Q

anything that speeds up a reaction

A

catalyst

56
Q

In biology, catalysts ___ the activation energy and ___ the speed of a reaction making the reaction more likely to occur.

A

lower,

increase

57
Q

example of a biological catalyst

A

enzyme

58
Q

proteins; do not make anything happen that couldn’t happen on its own (just faster); not used up or altered; same works in forward and reverse reaction; are reaction specific; usually end in -ase

A

enzymes

59
Q

An enzyme has a specific ___ to bind to a specific substrate.

A

shape

60
Q

In an enzyme, the substrate fits into the ___.

A

active site

61
Q

groove in the enzyme’s surface

A

active site

62
Q

must be present for enzyme to work; act as helpers; often oxidized or reduced; not consumed

A

cofactors

63
Q

Organic cofactors are ___.

A

coenzymes

64
Q

What factors affect enzyme activity?

A

temperature,

pH

65
Q

Small increases in temperature increases ___ and reaction rates.

A

molecular collisions

66
Q

High temperatures disrupt bonds and ___.

A

destroy the shape of the active site

67
Q

What is the ideal pH range for most enzymes?

A

6-8 (neutral)

68
Q

Enzyme regulation occurs through ___.

A

allosteric regulators

69
Q

allosteric regulators:

binds to the enzyme at a site other than the active site called the ___

A

allosteric site

70
Q

Allosteric repression is also called ___.

A

non-competitive inhibition

71
Q

Allosteric regulators alter the shape of the active site to either allow or inhibit substrate binding through allosteric ___ and ___.

A

activation,

repression

72
Q

special type of allosteric repression; product of the reaction is the allosteric repressor

A

feedback inhibition

73
Q

Feedback inhibition is also called ___.

A

negative feedback

74
Q

blocks or occupies active site; prevents binding of substrates

A

competitive inhibition

75
Q

rarer form of feedback in which product activates the pathway leading to its own production

A

positive feedback

76
Q

example of positive feedback

A

blood clotting and child birth

77
Q

List some everyday uses of enzymes.

A 
found in detergents,
used to make breads,
used to make wine and beer,
used to make cheese,
meat tenderizers break down muscle tissue,
fruit enzymes breakdown proteins

NAS 2 (19 decks)

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