What is a substrate
Fuel substance acted on by enzymes
What is a metabolic pathway
A sequence of enzyme mediated chemical reactions resulting in a specific product
Energy currency in the body is ____
ATP
What are 3 types of work ATP does
mechanical
Chemical
Transport
ATP is a ____ currency
limited
Cells contain only a small amount
What does the imbalance between ATP:ADP stimulate
the breakdown of other stored energy containing compounds to resynthesize ATP
What is the immediate energy system
ATP_PCr
What is short-term energy system
The Lactic acid system
Rapid Glycolysis
Anaerobic glycolysis
What is glycogen
stored form of carbohydrate composed of chains of glucose molecules linked chemically
What is glycogenolysis
Process by which store glycogen is broke down to produce glucose
What is glycolysis
energy pathway responsible for initial catabolism of glucose, with pyruvate or lactate as end product
What is the long term energy system
Aerobic system
What are the macronutrient fuel sources from liver
Glycogen - converted to glucose
Deaminated amino acids
What are the macronutrient fuel sources from muscle
- ATP
- PCr
- Triacylglycerols
- Glycogen
- Carbon skeletons
What are the macronutrient fuel sources from adipose tissue
- Triacylglycerols
- Fatty acids
Where is the cell is energy produced
- Cytosol
- Mitochondria
What type of energy production takes place in the cytosol
anaerobic
- Glycolysis
What type of energy production takes place in the mitochondria
Aerobically
- Citric acid cycle
What energy sources are used in anaerobic (cytosol) energy production
- Phosphocreatine
- Glucose/glycogen
- Glycerol
- Some deaminated amino acids
What energy sources are used in aerobic (mitochondria) energy production
- Fatty acids
- Pyruvate from glucose
- Some deaminated amino acids
What is the ATP-PCr system limited by
- Short lived
- Relies on ATP and PCr that is stored intramuscularly
- Limited and easily exhausted
- Limited trainability
- ATP and PCr storage is genetically determined
What is the anearobic glycolysis system limited by
- Require NAD+ to transport H+ to electron transport chain
- Without NAD+ you develop lactate
Is the anaerobic glycolysis system trainable?
Yes - High trainability
What are the limiting factors of the aerobic system
- Requires oxygen and acetyl CoA
- ## Takes longer to get started
Does the aerobic system have lots of trainabilty
yes - come from cardiovascular adaptations
Do energy systems have clear on and off switches?
no
What determine the energy system and metabolic mixture used during exercise
Intensity and duration
ATP must be replenished continually through either ___ or ____
glycolysis or aerobic breakdown of carbs, fats, and protein
Is there a limit to steady rate aerobic metabolism
could theoretically progress indefinitely, assuming it is primarily reliant on aerobic energy system
If steady state aerobic metabolism could continue forever, what are the limitations that stop us?
- Fluid loss and electrolyte depletion
- maintaining adequate reserves of both liver glycogen for CNS function and muscle glycogen for power exercise
What does differentiates steady rate aerobic metabolisms (trained vs. untrained)
- Central circulation to deliver O to working muscles
- High capacity of the exercised muscles to use available oxygen
Does blood lactate accumulate at all level of exercise
no - during light to moderate exercise blood lactate production = rate of disappearance
When do blood and muscle lactate levels increase
When ATP formation fails to keep pace with its rate of use
When the electron transport chain cannot process all the hydrogen being produced
how is lactate threshold measured
using finger prick
If you are working at an exercise intensity below lactate threshold…
you can continue with that intensity of exercise for longer periods of time
Exercise training should …
analyze an activity for its specific energy components (train the right system!)
What are you really testing when looking at aerobic exercise capacity
oxygen transport and utilization system
What are 2 ways of measuring aerobic exercise capacity
- maximal oxygen uptake with a graded maximal exercise test
- Performance on a time trial - very function test, highly dependent on lactate threshold
What are you measuring when looking at VO2max
the maximum volume of oxygen that the cells of the body can remove from the bloodstream in one minute to produce work
What are the units for relative VO2max
expressed in mL/kg/min
What are the units for absolute
L/min
What are the approximate ranges for a very poor VO2max (men and women)
M - 29-37 mL/kg/min
W - 21-25 mL/kg/min
What are the approximate ranges for a fair VO2max (men and women)
M - 45-49 mL/kg/min
W - 31-34 mL/kg/min
What are the approximate ranges for a superior VO2max (men and women)
M - 65+ mL/kg/min
W - 50+ mL/kg/min
What are 7 factors affecting VO2max
- heredity
- gender
- training state
- body composition
- age
- exercise mode
- Clinical limitations
What is the VO2max needed for independent function
12-15 ml/kg/min
7ml/kg/min VO2max is required for…
- 5…?
- …?
- 5…?
Standing and transferring to chair
Self care, walking in room
Walking 2mph in hallway
Climbing flight of stairs
How do you measure short-term energy exercise capacity
- Test brief, intense exercise that exceeds ability to perform purely aerobically
- measure lactate accumulation or peak power
The wingate test measures
short -term energy system
what is the capacity of your short term energy system affected by
- training
- buffering capacity
- motivation
T/F lactate production and accumulation accelerate as exercise intensity decreases
false
T/F the immediate energy system uses ATP and PCr released from the livern
false
bonking or hitting the wall is a sensation endurance athletes can experience that most often crresponds to the depletion of..
glycogen/glucose