Endocrinology Intro Flashcards

1
Q

How does endocrine signalling work

A

A hormone is released by a cell and circulated in the blood to target specific receptors on target organs

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2
Q

Name the endocrine glands in the body which release hormones from specialised cells

A

Hypothalamus + pituitary glands

Thyroid glands and parathyroid

Adrenal glands

Pancreas

Ovaries / testes

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3
Q

What is another word for ovaries and testes

A

The gonads

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4
Q

It was found that not only endocrine glands release hormones: what else (specialised tissues)

A

Kidney, platelets , WBC’s , heart muscle

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5
Q

Name the 4 ways hormones can interact and explain them

A

1- SYNERGISTIC : 2 hormones will increase the cellular response instead of 1

2- PERMISSIVE : a presence of 1 hormone will allow the other to work

3- ANTAGONISTIC : 2 hormones which oppose effect

4- COMPETITIVE : 2 hormones similar in structure compete to bind to receptor

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6
Q

Give an example of antagonistic hormones

A

Insulin and glucagon

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7
Q

Give an example of competitive hormones

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

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8
Q

Name the 3 classes of hormone and what synthesises them

A

Steroid - produce by modified cholesterol

Peptide - produced by amino acids

Amino acid - produced by modification of tyrosine amino acid

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9
Q

Which type of hormone acts on intracellular receptors (hydrophobic)

A

Steroid - cholesterol is hydrophobic so can pass membrane

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10
Q

Which type of hormone is fully hydrophilic so can act on cell surface receptors

A

Peptide hormones

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11
Q

Is amino acid hormones hydrophobic or hydrophilic

A

Can be both depending on type

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12
Q

What modifies cholesterol into steroid hormones

A

Enzymes

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13
Q

Why is steroid hormones bound to proteins when produced

A

Because they are hydrophobic

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14
Q

When are steroid hormones produced

A

When a hormone is in demand - they ARE NOT STORED

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15
Q

How can steroids produce both gonad hormones such as testosterone and also adrenal gland hormones like cortisol for stress?

A

Because they will have different enzymes in the different glands to modify cholesterol into different hormones

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16
Q

Name the types of receptor a steroid hormone can activate / bind to (intracellular)

A

Ligand receptor complex inducing transcription (TF receptor)

17
Q

What are the 3 domains of a ligand binding TF receptor

A

Dna binding

Ligand / hormone binding

Transcription inducing domain

18
Q

Explain what happens to a receptor in the cell when steroid hormones bind

A

There is a conformational change when it binds to the domain

Hinge region changes and opens up the receptor to expose the dna binding site and transcription inducer

Enters nucleus and allows transcription

19
Q

What stops steroid hormones binding to intracellular receptors when transcription isn’t needed

A

Hsp70 protein inhibitor (blocks the hormone binding domain)

20
Q

Which hormone is stored prior to release

A

Peptide hormones

21
Q

What is the inactive form of a peptide hormone called

A

Prepro hormone

22
Q

Where are prepro hormones stored before release

A

In vesicles

23
Q

What type of receptors do peptide hormones usually bind to which then activates what…

A

Cell surface G protein coupled receptors

Activating usual cascade then secondary messengers which then allow phosphorylation

And cellular response

24
Q

Are amino acids released immediately like the steroid hormones?

A

Yes. They release as soon as made from tyrosine

25
Q

Name an example of an amino acid hormone which acts intracellular

And another that’s cell surface

A

Thyroid hormone = intracellular

Epinephrine (also thyroid gland) = cell surface

26
Q

What would be a short term response example by cells when hormones bind

A

Change in metabolism eg change in glucose conc when insulin binds

27
Q

What would be a long term response example by a cell

A

Gene expression eg when steroid hormones bind

28
Q

Name the 4 ways hormones can be released and explain

A

1- continuous release

2- pulsatile : in short bursts

3- circadian : according to cycles eg day and night

4- released by stimulus : when stimulus is detected cause release eg glucose levels

29
Q

Give an example of circadian hormones

A

Melatonin release only at night

30
Q

Which hormone is released in short bursts (PULSATILE)

A

Gonadoptrophin releasing hormone

31
Q

Which hormone is released continuously

A

Thyroid hormone

32
Q

How are hormones activated and give an example

A

Post release modifications such as oestrogen modified from androgens

33
Q

How are peptide hormones activated

A

Cleaving of amino acids

34
Q

Name 5 ways to control hormones

A

1- modification : increase eg by cleaving peptides and decrease activity too

2- degradation/ excretion

3- receptor desensitisation

4- termination of intracellular responses

5- negative feedback

35
Q

Give an example of a hormone receptor which gets desensitised to control the effect of hormone

A

Androgenic receptors stop effect of adrenaline

36
Q

Give an example of how intracellular responses can be terminated to control hormone effect

A

Phosphatase / de phosphorylation of proteins

37
Q

Name 3 ways negative feedback works

A

1- metabolites : eg glucose level detected and = insulin release

2- by hormone level itself

3- by a tropic hormone which is released by pituitary/hypothalamus

38
Q

Where are androgens like testosterone produced

A

Gonads and also adrenal glands (they are steroid hormones)