What controls the nuerohypophysis
the hypothalamus
a trunk of axons containing the cell bodies in the hypothalamus with storage bulbs of the axon in the neurophysis
hypothalamic- hypophyseal tract
this thin connecting stalk connects the nuerohypohysis to the hypothalamus
infundibulum
what two hormones are released from the posterior pituitary?
oxytocin and ADH
ADH is important for
water conservation and maintaining BP
Tropic hormones belong to
the anterior pituitary
hormones that control funcitons of other endocrine glands
tropic hormones
somatotropin
Growth hormone
Growth hormone is released from
anterior pituitary
true or false: growth hormone encourages growth of only some cells
false
particularly sensitive are muscle, nerve, and cartilage/bone-forming tissues (such as the epiphyseal plate)
growth hormone
this hormone encourages protein synthesis and helps use available energy sources. Affects metabolism and can increase sugar levels
growth hormone
what does hyposecretion of growth hormone cause? what does hypersecretion cause?
Hypo= Dwarfism Hyper= Gigantisim
Mammary glands hormone
prolactin
activates milk production/ secretion
prolactin
What controls the release of prolactin ? what stimulates its release ?
hypothalamic PIH (Prolactin inhibiting hormone) it can be stimulated by high estrogen levels
true or false : Inhibiting PIH while estrogen levels are high increases prolactin output.
true
hypersecretion of prolactin can cause
excess milk production and large breast
Although not understood why, this hormone seems to reduce fertility
prolactin
hormone which causes melanocytes to release more melanin.
Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH
What are the four tropic hormones
Adrenocoritcotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle stimulatinng hormone (FSH), Lutenizing hormone (LH) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
release glucocorticoids
adrenocorticotropic hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone is released from
adrenal cortex
stimulates follicular cells in the ovary to produce estrogen and up-regulates these cells to become more sensitive to LH. It also promotes spermatogenesis in males.
Follicle stimulating hormone
stimulates the follicle cells to induce ovulation, and converts the exploded follicle into the corpus luteum, a powerful progesterone/estrogen producing tissue.
LH
Called ICSH in males , stimulates testosterone release
LH
cells to produce and release thyroxin
Thyroid stimulating hormone
What two hormones does the thyroid produce
thyroid hormone and calcitonin
`secreted by follicular cells
thyroid hormone
made from tyrosine and amino acids
thyroid hormone
how many amino acids make thyroid hormone? what is significant about the number? example T3
2 amino acids. the number next to T is the amound of iodine
mixture of thyroglobin, iodine and enzyme in follicle is referred to as
colloid
most obvious effect of TH is
stimulating proper metabolism (burning calories stimulates burning fat synthesis)
what does hyposecretion of thyroid hormone produce? hypersecretion?
hypo= weight gain, low body temp, weakness, cretensim in children, reduced mental function in adults. hyper= weight loss, wasting of tissues, graves disease,
4 small glands embedded in posterior of thyroid gland
parathyroids
antagonist of calcitonin
parathyroid hormone
encourages osteoclast activity in bone cells, also tends to increase production of vitamin D (enhances absorption of Ca++ form the gut)
parathyroid hormone
work together to raise blood calcium levels
parathyroid gland stimulating vitamin D production and absorbing calcium from small intestine
true or false: adrenal gland is composed of an outer cortex and inner medulla
true
what kind of hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete?
mostly steroid hormones
which specific hormones doe the adreneal cortex secrete
aldosterone, cortisol, small amount of androgens
what kind of hormones does the adrenal medulla secrete
amino acid based hormones
what specfic hormones are associated with adrenal medulla
epinephrin and norepinephrin
short term response to associated with
adrenal medulla flight or fight response
what happens in the short term response in flight or fight response
increase heart rate, blood pressure, metabloism, and dialation of bronchiols
3 areas of adrenal cortex
zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis
outermost part of adrenal cortex
zona glomrulosa
middle part of adrenal cortex, straight column of cells
zona fasciculata
innner part of adrenal cortex, irregulari bundle of cells closest to medulla
zona reticularis
clumps of hormone producing cells from pancreas
pancreatic islets
what do beta cells in islets secrete
insulin
antagonist of insulin
glucagon
released by alpha cells of pancreas
glucagon