Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Exocrine- secrete products onto epithelial surfaces via ducts (has tubes)
Endocrine- secrete products into interstitial fluid (tubeless)

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2
Q

Examples of endocrine glands

A

Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid

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3
Q

Roles of hormones

A

Present in very low concentrations.

Strongly regulated-the amounts present make a huge difference.

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4
Q

What do hormones do

A
  1. Help regulate (chemical composition, metabolic and energy balance, concentration of smooth and cardiac muscle, glandular secretions, immune system activities)
  2. Control growth and development
  3. Regulate the operation of reproductive systems
  4. Help establish cycles (ie: day&night)
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5
Q

Hormone activity

A

Hormones affect specific targets with specific receptors

  • down regulation( makes receptors less sensitive)
  • up regulation(makes receptors more sensitive)
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6
Q

Types of hormones

A

Hormones travel in the blood and act on distant target cells.
Paracrine- act on neighbouring cells
Autocrine- act on the same cell that secreted them
Interleukin- example of both paracrine and autocrine

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7
Q

Chemical classes of hormones

A

Lipid soluble and water soluble

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8
Q

Water soluble hormones

A

Amine, peptide/protein, eicosanoid
Circulate freely in blood.
They use channels (in this case “extracellular receptors”) to get through the the lipid bilayer

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9
Q

Lipid soluble hormones

A

Steroid, thyroid, nitric oxide
Carried by transport proteins in blood.
When it gets close to the membrane they diffuse through the membrane and target receptors (intracellular receptors)

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10
Q

Transport proteins

A
  1. Transport hormones in blood
  2. Slow the rate of hormone loss in urine
  3. Provide a hormone reserve in blood
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11
Q

Roles of the endocrine system

A

Hormones- meditator molecule released in one part of the body but regulates activity of cells in other parts.
It has slower responses, the effects last longer, as effects more at once

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12
Q

Lipid soluble hormones- typical mechanism of action

A
  1. Lipid soluble hormone diffuses into the cell
  2. Binds to the receptor and activates the hormone complex receptor and alters gene expression. (DNA gets told to make a new protein which makes mRNA)
  3. Newly formed mRNA directs synthesis of specific proteins on ribosomes
  4. New proteins alter the cells activity
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13
Q

Water soluble hormones - typical mechanism of action

A
  1. Extracellular receptor activates “G protein”
  2. G protein activates an enzyme (converts ATP to cAMP)
  3. cAMP activates a protein
  4. The protein activates enzymes
    5 enzymes catalyze reactions producing the cells responses to the hormone
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