Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What do the endocrine and nervous systems cooperate together to do?

A

regulate different functions of other organ systems

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2
Q

Describe the speed of nervous system activation.

A

usually brief and fast

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3
Q

Describe the speed of endocrine system activation.

A

much broader and targets virtually all organ systems

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4
Q

What are hormones?

A

secretions of endocrine glands directly released into bloodstream, and circulate throughout body

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5
Q

What does the endocrine system consist of? (5)

A

major glands including pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pineal, and adrenal glands that produce a wide variety of hormones

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6
Q

What are the organs that are not considered as glands, but contain cells that produce hormones? (11)

A

heart, liver, pancreas, stomach, intestine, thymus, ovaries, testes, skin, hypothalamus, and placenta

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7
Q

Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)

What is the pituitary gland?

A

oval-shaped structure located in hypophyseal fossa of sphenoid bone in middle cranial fossa

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8
Q

Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)

What does it attach to?

A

attaches to hypothalamus by (infundibulum) connecting stalk

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9
Q

Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)

What does it do?

A

regulates secretions of most of the other glands

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10
Q

Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)

What is it controlled by?

A

hormones of hypothalamus

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11
Q

Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)

What does it consist of?

A

2 separates lobes:

  • anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
  • posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)
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12
Q

Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)

What is it supplied by?

A

arterial circle of Willis

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13
Q

Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)

What is its function regulated by?

A

primarily regulated by hormonal feedbacks through hypothalamus

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14
Q

Pineal Gland (Epiphysis Cerebri)

What is the pineal gland?

A

small, red, cone-shaped structure that attaches to posterior wall of third cerebral ventricle

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15
Q

Pineal Gland (Epiphysis Cerebri)

What does it do?

A

its secretions control circadian rhythm, and distribution of melanin pigments in skin

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16
Q

Pineal Gland (Epiphysis Cerebri)

What happens to this gland in elderly people?

A

calcified

17
Q

Pineal Gland (Epiphysis Cerebri)

What is it supplied by?

A

posterior cerebral artery

18
Q

Pineal Gland (Epiphysis Cerebri)

What is its function controlled by?

A

hormonal feedbacks

19
Q

Thyroid Gland

What is the thyroid gland?

A

butterfly-shaped thyroid gland is situated in neck, anterior to trachea, and inferior to larynx

20
Q

Thyroid Gland

What does it consist of?

A

2 lateral lobes connected together by isthmus

21
Q

Thyroid Gland

What is the isthmus?

A

slender connection anterior to trachea at level of 2nd or 3rd cartilage rings of trachea

22
Q

Thyroid Gland

What is the pyramidal lobe?

A

small third lobe immediately superior to isthmus, in 50% of individuals

23
Q

Thyroid Gland

What do the 2 lateral lobes relate to?

A
  • thyroid and cricoid cartilages medially
  • common carotid arteries laterally

lobes extend superiorly to inferior border of thyroid cartilage of larynx

24
Q

Thyroid Gland

What do thyroid hormones do?

A

regulate either metabolic rate of body, or blood calcium level

25
Q

Parathyroid Gland

What are the parathyroid glands?

A

4 pea-sized reddish brown mass of glandular tissue partially embedded within posterior surface of lateral lobes of thyroid gland

26
Q

Parathyroid Gland

What does parathyroid hormone do?

A

cooperates with thyroid hormone (calcitonin) in blood calcium level regulation

27
Q

What supplies the thyroid and parathyroid glands?

A
  • superior and inferior thyroid arteries
  • branches of external carotid
  • subclavian arteries
28
Q

What regulates activities of the thyroid and parathyroid glands?

A

hormonal feedbacks, or level of blood calcium

29
Q

Suprarenal Glands (Adrenal Glands)

Where are these glands?

A

located on superior pole of kidneys, while surrounded by separate capsule

30
Q

Suprarenal Glands (Adrenal Glands)

What is the shape of the right gland?

A

pyramidal-shaped

31
Q

Suprarenal Glands (Adrenal Glands)

What is the shape of the left gland?

A

crescent-shaped

32
Q

Suprarenal Glands (Adrenal Glands)

What can you see in the coronal/frontal section? (2)

A
  • superficial cortex

- deep medullary part

33
Q

Suprarenal Glands (Adrenal Glands)

What do hormones of the superficial cortex do?

A

contribute in balancing level of sodium and glucose, or regulation of sexual activities

34
Q

Suprarenal Glands (Adrenal Glands)

What is the function of the superficial cortex regulated by?

A

hormonal feedbacks

35
Q

Suprarenal Glands (Adrenal Glands)

What do hormones of the deep medullary part do?

A

mimic function of sympathetic nervous system

36
Q

Suprarenal Glands (Adrenal Glands)

What is the function of the deep medullary part regulated by?

A

preganglionic sympathetic fibers carried by greater, lesser, and least splanchnic nerves

37
Q

Suprarenal Glands (Adrenal Glands)

What are chromaffin cells?

A

modified neurons that act as postganglionic sympathetic neurons

in deep medullary part

38
Q

Suprarenal Glands (Adrenal Glands)

What is it supplied by?

A

several branches mainly arising from abdominal aorta and renal arteries