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Flashcards in Endocrine Deck (26)
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1
Q

Direct signalling involves?

A

Gap junctions

2
Q

Indirect signalling involves?

A

chemical messengers

3
Q

Functional classifications of chemical messengers?

A

Paracrines, autocrines, hormones, cytokines, neurohormones, neurotransmitters

4
Q

Chemical structure determines mechanisms of..?

A

synthesis, release, transport, signal transduction

5
Q

Hydrophobic/lipophilic chemical messengers?

A

Steroids (androgens, oestrogens) & eicosanoids (PGE’s)

6
Q

Hydrophilic/lipophobic chemical messengers?

A

AA derivatives (biogenic amines), proteins (peptides), AA’s

7
Q

What are the 4 types of receptors?

A

ligand-gated ion channel, receptor-enzyme, G-protein-coupled receptor, intracellular receptor

8
Q

Define antagonistic hormone interaction

A

hormones oppose each other

9
Q

Define synergistic hormone interaction

A

effect is additive

10
Q

Define permissive hormone interaction

A

one hormone needed for other to produce an effect eg. adrenaline + thyroid hormone

11
Q

Define intergrative hormone interaction

A

additive (same response via different signalling)

12
Q

Primary organs that secrete hormones?

A

hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, pancreas, gonads, adrenal

13
Q

Secondary organs that secrete hormones?

A

Heart, liver, stomach, SI, skin, kidneys

14
Q

What are the 6 hormones produced by the anterior pituitary and where do they act?

A

TSH (thyroid), PRL (mammary gland), ACTH (adrenal gland), GH (adipose, muscle, bone), FSH & LH (gonads), MSH (melanocytes)

15
Q

Give examples of pulsatile, circadian and episodic hormones

A

LH, melatonin, prolactin

16
Q

Give examples of posterior pituitary hormones and where they act

A

vasopressin/ADH (kidneys & arterioles - vasoconstriction), oxytocin (uterus - contractions & mammary glands - milk production)

17
Q

What are the regions of the adrenal gland?

A

Cortex (zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis) & medulla (adrenal medulla)

18
Q

Which types of hormones are released by the adrenal cortex?

A

Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), Glucocorticoids (cortisol), & sex hormones (androgens)

19
Q

Which types of hormones are released by the adrenal medulla?

A

Catecholamines (adrenaline & NA)

20
Q

Actions of mineralocorticoid; aldosterone and where it acts?

A

Long term electrolyte & BP homeostasis. Action in kidneys to retain H2O & Na -> increase ECF -> blood volume -> BP

21
Q

Actions of glucocorticoid; cortisol and where it acts?

A

Increases glucose & AA’s in blood, adipose (increase lipolysis), muscles & other tissue (protein catabolism), liver (gluconeogenesis)

22
Q

Actions of catecholamine; adrenaline and where it acts?

A

Increase HR, contractility, BP (heart), dilation of pupils & airways (eyes & lungs), lipolysis (adipose), gluconeogenesis & glycogenolysis (liver)

23
Q

Actions of insulin & sites of action?

A

glucose uptake, storage as glycogen & triglycerides, decrease blood glucose, FA’s, AA’s, protein synthesis, increase fuel storage

24
Q

Actions of glucagon & sites of action?

A

glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, ketone synthesis, protein breakdown (liver), lipolysis (adipose)

25
Q

2 thyroid hormones and their actions?

A

T3 & T4 (3 or 4 iodine molecules) - increase MBR, decreases body weight, increase cardiac output, increased resp depth & rate, increased growth & CNS dev., influences skin & hair growth

26
Q

Somatotropin (growth hormone) actions and sites of action?

A

Liver -> IGF-1 -> increased cell division, protein synthesis, bone growth. Adipose/muscle/liver incease fat catabolism/decrease glucose uptake/ increase glucose output.