Endo & Lymphatic system Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Endo & Lymphatic system Deck (62)
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1
Q

Steroid hormones are lipids, derived from

A

cholesterol.

2
Q

Within the adenylate cyclase signal transduction pathways of target cells, cAMP activates

A

protein kinase

3
Q

The term down-regulation refers to the process by which

A

a cell decreases the number of receptors it has for a hormone.

4
Q

Cortisol binds to _________ receptors and has the effect of ________ blood glucose levels.

A

intracellular, raising

5
Q

The two hormones released from the posterior pituitary are

A

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone.

6
Q

Which type of hormone requires a carrier protein in the blood?

A

Lipid-soluble hormone

7
Q

When a chemical messenger helps initiate an inflammatory response by causing cellular changes in neighboring cells, it is demonstrating ___________ signaling.

A

paracrine

8
Q

Which hormone group is not secreted by the adrenal cortex?

A

No exceptions; all choices are secreted by the adrenal cortex

9
Q

Within the infundibulum, the axons from neurons extending into the posterior pituitary are known as the

A

hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract.

10
Q

The release of hormones from the adrenal medulla is stimulated by

A

the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

11
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

Within the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

12
Q

Parathyroid hormone release depends on blood levels of calcium. Such an endocrine reflex is said to be initiated by

A

humoral stimulation.Correct

13
Q

Compared to young adults, the elderly usually have ______ levels of circulating growth hormone and _____ levels of circulating sex hormones.

A

lower, lower

14
Q

Where are the target cells for follicle-stimulating hormone?

A

Ovaries and testes

15
Q

Thyroid hormone synthesis involves secretion of a glycoprotein called ___________ by the follicular cells.

A

thyroglobulin

16
Q

Intracellular signaling pathways within target cells are organized such that

A

each step allows for amplification of the signal where one molecule can activate many.

17
Q

The metabolic condition called ___________ results from the destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas due to an autoimmune response.

A

Type 1 diabetes

18
Q

Damage to the liver might impair enzymatic degradation of some hormones. The levels of such hormones in the blood would therefore be expected to

A

increase.

19
Q

The thyroid gland is located

A

immediately anterior to the trachea.

20
Q

Which is not characteristic of the endocrine system?

A

Recovery time: rapid, immediate return to prestimulation level

21
Q

The release of hormones from the adrenal cortex is stimulated by

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone.

22
Q

Endocrine glands

A

are ductless glands.
are the organs of the endocrine system.
secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.
help maintain homeostasis.

All of the choices are correct.

23
Q

Glucagon and insulin work _________ on blood glucose levels.

A

antagonistically

24
Q

The _______ secretes triiodothyronine.

A

thyroid gland

25
Q

Hyperglycemia (high blood glucose levels) would cause the pancreas to _________ insulin secretion, and hypoglycemia (low blood glucose levels) would cause the pancreas to _________ insulin secretion.

A

increase; decrease

26
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (known as ADH or vasopressin)

A

increases water retention from renal tubules.

27
Q

The hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system connects the hypothalamus to the

A

adenohypophysis.

28
Q

The pancreas has pancreatic islets composed of primarily alpha and beta cells. Alpha cells secrete

A

glucagon.

29
Q

Secretion of insulin causes

A

a decrease in the concentration of blood glucose.

30
Q

Which of the following has both endocrine and exocrine functions?

A

Pancreas

31
Q

Hypersecretion of growth hormone can lead to a condition called _________, while hyposecretion can lead to a disorder called ___________

A

gigantism; pituitary dwarfism

32
Q

A hormone is a ______ and the target cell is __________.

A

molecule that has a metabolic effect on another cell; a cell that has receptors for specific hormones

33
Q

Tropic hormones

A

stimulate certain endocrine glands to secrete hormones.

34
Q

The thyroid gland is located ____________ to the larynx and is composed of two lobes connected by a narrow band of tissue called the ___________.

A

inferior; isthmus

35
Q

Aldosterone promotes the homeostasis of ions by causing the kidneys to

A

conserve sodium and excrete potassium.

36
Q

Hormone ___________ is the process that deals with enzymatic degradation of hormones and removal of the hormone from the blood by excretion or uptake into the target cells

A

elimination

37
Q

Which lymphatic organ contains red pulp and white pulp?

A

Spleen

38
Q

The thoracic duct collects lymph from all of the following except the

A

right arm.

39
Q

The path that fluid takes as it enters a lymphatic capillary is through

A

spaces between capillary endothelial cells that are arranged as one-way flaps.

40
Q

In which abdominal quadrant is the spleen located?

A

Left upper quadrant

41
Q

The main function of tonsils is to detect and protect against infections agents that are

A

ingested or inhaled.

42
Q

B-lymphocytes are

A

white blood cells that are generated in red bone marrow.

43
Q

The force that drives fluid into lymphatic capillaries is

A

hydrostatic pressure.

44
Q

The thymus is at its maximum size

A

At puberty

45
Q

Lymphatic capillaries

A

originate as closed-ended tubes associated with blood capillary networks.

46
Q

Which of the lymphatic trunks drain into the cisterna chyli?

A

Intestinal trunks and lumbar trunks

47
Q

The term “primary lymphatic structure” applies

A

to the red bone marrow and thymus.

48
Q

Lymph nodes may be found individually, or clustered in specific regions of the body. Which cluster of lymph nodes receives lymph from the head and neck?

A

Cervical lymph nodes

49
Q

With respect to the lymphatic system, what do the letters in the acronym MALT stand for

A

Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue

50
Q

Regions of MALT called Peyer patches are found in the

A

small intestine.

51
Q

Lymphatic organs

A

contain a complete capsule of dense irregular connective tissue.

52
Q

Where do T-lymphocytes mature?

A

Thymus gland

53
Q

The thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct empty lymph into the

A

subclavian veins.

54
Q

The term “swollen glands” is usually meant to refer to lymph nodes in which

A

lymphocytes are proliferating in germinal centers.

55
Q

Lymphatic capillaries are ____ vessels.

A

closed-ended

56
Q

If an individual has an infected cut on their thigh, in which region are lymph nodes most likely to enlarge?

A

inguinal region

57
Q

The primary functions of lymph include

A

returning proteins to the bloodstream and transporting foreign particles to the lymph nodes

58
Q

Lymph vessels reabsorb what fluid from the tissues and return it to the venous circulation?

A

Interstitial fluid

59
Q

Besides filtering blood for foreign materials and phagocytosis of old, defective erythrocytes, the spleen is also involved in what other major function

A

Reservoir of platelets and erythrocytes

60
Q

The two collecting ducts that drain the lymphatic trunks are the

A

thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct.

61
Q

The lymph nodes of the axillary region receive lymph mainly from the

A

upper limb and mammary gland.

62
Q

The lymphatic system contains ____ lymphatic ducts.

A

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