Steroid hormones are lipids, derived from
cholesterol.
Within the adenylate cyclase signal transduction pathways of target cells, cAMP activates
protein kinase
The term down-regulation refers to the process by which
a cell decreases the number of receptors it has for a hormone.
Cortisol binds to _________ receptors and has the effect of ________ blood glucose levels.
intracellular, raising
The two hormones released from the posterior pituitary are
oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone.
Which type of hormone requires a carrier protein in the blood?
Lipid-soluble hormone
When a chemical messenger helps initiate an inflammatory response by causing cellular changes in neighboring cells, it is demonstrating ___________ signaling.
paracrine
Which hormone group is not secreted by the adrenal cortex?
No exceptions; all choices are secreted by the adrenal cortex
Within the infundibulum, the axons from neurons extending into the posterior pituitary are known as the
hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract.
The release of hormones from the adrenal medulla is stimulated by
the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.
Where is the pituitary gland located?
Within the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
Parathyroid hormone release depends on blood levels of calcium. Such an endocrine reflex is said to be initiated by
humoral stimulation.Correct
Compared to young adults, the elderly usually have ______ levels of circulating growth hormone and _____ levels of circulating sex hormones.
lower, lower
Where are the target cells for follicle-stimulating hormone?
Ovaries and testes
Thyroid hormone synthesis involves secretion of a glycoprotein called ___________ by the follicular cells.
thyroglobulin
Intracellular signaling pathways within target cells are organized such that
each step allows for amplification of the signal where one molecule can activate many.
The metabolic condition called ___________ results from the destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas due to an autoimmune response.
Type 1 diabetes
Damage to the liver might impair enzymatic degradation of some hormones. The levels of such hormones in the blood would therefore be expected to
increase.
The thyroid gland is located
immediately anterior to the trachea.
Which is not characteristic of the endocrine system?
Recovery time: rapid, immediate return to prestimulation level
The release of hormones from the adrenal cortex is stimulated by
adrenocorticotropic hormone.
Endocrine glands
are ductless glands.
are the organs of the endocrine system.
secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.
help maintain homeostasis.
All of the choices are correct.
Glucagon and insulin work _________ on blood glucose levels.
antagonistically
The _______ secretes triiodothyronine.
thyroid gland
Hyperglycemia (high blood glucose levels) would cause the pancreas to _________ insulin secretion, and hypoglycemia (low blood glucose levels) would cause the pancreas to _________ insulin secretion.
increase; decrease
Antidiuretic hormone (known as ADH or vasopressin)
increases water retention from renal tubules.
The hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system connects the hypothalamus to the
adenohypophysis.
The pancreas has pancreatic islets composed of primarily alpha and beta cells. Alpha cells secrete
glucagon.
Secretion of insulin causes
a decrease in the concentration of blood glucose.
Which of the following has both endocrine and exocrine functions?
Pancreas
Hypersecretion of growth hormone can lead to a condition called _________, while hyposecretion can lead to a disorder called ___________
gigantism; pituitary dwarfism
A hormone is a ______ and the target cell is __________.
molecule that has a metabolic effect on another cell; a cell that has receptors for specific hormones
Tropic hormones
stimulate certain endocrine glands to secrete hormones.
The thyroid gland is located ____________ to the larynx and is composed of two lobes connected by a narrow band of tissue called the ___________.
inferior; isthmus
Aldosterone promotes the homeostasis of ions by causing the kidneys to
conserve sodium and excrete potassium.
Hormone ___________ is the process that deals with enzymatic degradation of hormones and removal of the hormone from the blood by excretion or uptake into the target cells
elimination
Which lymphatic organ contains red pulp and white pulp?
Spleen
The thoracic duct collects lymph from all of the following except the
right arm.
The path that fluid takes as it enters a lymphatic capillary is through
spaces between capillary endothelial cells that are arranged as one-way flaps.
In which abdominal quadrant is the spleen located?
Left upper quadrant
The main function of tonsils is to detect and protect against infections agents that are
ingested or inhaled.
B-lymphocytes are
white blood cells that are generated in red bone marrow.
The force that drives fluid into lymphatic capillaries is
hydrostatic pressure.
The thymus is at its maximum size
At puberty
Lymphatic capillaries
originate as closed-ended tubes associated with blood capillary networks.
Which of the lymphatic trunks drain into the cisterna chyli?
Intestinal trunks and lumbar trunks
The term “primary lymphatic structure” applies
to the red bone marrow and thymus.
Lymph nodes may be found individually, or clustered in specific regions of the body. Which cluster of lymph nodes receives lymph from the head and neck?
Cervical lymph nodes
With respect to the lymphatic system, what do the letters in the acronym MALT stand for
Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue
Regions of MALT called Peyer patches are found in the
small intestine.
Lymphatic organs
contain a complete capsule of dense irregular connective tissue.
Where do T-lymphocytes mature?
Thymus gland
The thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct empty lymph into the
subclavian veins.
The term “swollen glands” is usually meant to refer to lymph nodes in which
lymphocytes are proliferating in germinal centers.
Lymphatic capillaries are ____ vessels.
closed-ended
If an individual has an infected cut on their thigh, in which region are lymph nodes most likely to enlarge?
inguinal region
The primary functions of lymph include
returning proteins to the bloodstream and transporting foreign particles to the lymph nodes
Lymph vessels reabsorb what fluid from the tissues and return it to the venous circulation?
Interstitial fluid
Besides filtering blood for foreign materials and phagocytosis of old, defective erythrocytes, the spleen is also involved in what other major function
Reservoir of platelets and erythrocytes
The two collecting ducts that drain the lymphatic trunks are the
thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct.
The lymph nodes of the axillary region receive lymph mainly from the
upper limb and mammary gland.
The lymphatic system contains ____ lymphatic ducts.
2