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Flashcards in Emotional intelligence Deck (26)
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1
Q

What is emotional intelligence?

A
  • The ability to understand your own emotions
  • The emotions of those around you
  • And use that knowledge effectively
  • Ability to use emotions in a strategic way
2
Q

Items from TEIQue-SF – Konstantinos Petrides

A
  1. Expressing my emotions with words is not a problem for me.
  2. I often find it difficult to see things from another person’s viewpoint.
  3. On the whole, I’m a highly motivated person.
  4. I usually find it difficult to regulate my emotions.
  5. I generally don’t find life enjoyable.
  6. I can deal effectively with people.
  7. I tend to change my mind frequently.
  8. Many times, I can’t figure out what emotion I’m feeling.
  9. I feel that I have a number of good qualities.
  10. I often find it difficult to stand up for my rights.
3
Q

What are the Models of EI?

A
  • Salovey & Mayer (1990)
  • Goleman (1995)
  • Bar-On (1997)
4
Q

What is the Salovey and Mayer (1990) model?

A
  • First clear theory of EI
  • Posited 4 components
  • Accurately perceiving emotions
  • Using emotions to aid thinking
  • Understanding emotional thinking
  • Managing emotions – ability/skill
  • Ability and skill based
5
Q

What is the Goleman (1995) model?

A
  • Most well-known
  • ‘Mixed’ model - Emphasises ability and personality
  • Salovey & Mayer more of an ability model
  • Emotional intelligences form a hierarchy
6
Q

What is Goleman’s 1995 Hierarchy?

A
  • Sustain good interpersonal relations
  • Assess and influence others emotions
  • Emotion related to a drive for achievement
  • Manage one’s own emotional states
  • Identify one’s own emotional states
  • Works from bottom to top
7
Q

What is Goleman’s 2001 Hierarchy?

A
  • Social skills/management
  • Social awareness
  • Self-regulation/management
  • Self-awareness
  • Bottom up
  • Change of language
8
Q

What did Goleman emphasise and measure?

A
  • Emphasised physiology - Amygdala as a seat of EI. Over simplified and probably best ignored, not much research in the area (Matthews et al (2004))
  • Measure - Emotional competence inventory (Goleman & Boyatzis, 2005). 360 degree measure/approach to EI. Other-rated, e.g. someone else rates a person. How forceful, assured, respectful, courteous, empathic etc
9
Q

What was Bar-On (1997) - Emotional-social intelligence model?

A
  • Evolutionary framework e.g. Darwin - We evolved to be adapted to social life – hence the need for EI
  • Similar sort of constructs (Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, Adaptability, Stress management, General mood)
  • First to develop a measure in this domain
  • Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQi) - Overall score; five domains; fifteen facets. The overall score is used like IQ. Mean of 100; SD of 15. Proprietary
10
Q

What is emotional intelligence associated with?

A
  • Educational achievement - Downey et al (2008). Although somewhat mixed results in this domain, score higher in EI will have better educational outcomes
  • Workplace achievement (Goleman 1998). People will do better in the workplace if they’re more emotionally intelligent, e.g. more people will like you, want to work, more likely to be promoted
  • Life satisfaction/happiness – (Chamorro-Premuzik et al (2007)).
11
Q

What did Connolly et al find when looking at Sex differences in emotional recognition ?

A
  • Face and bodily expressions
  • Across three studies, key finding was that there was no reliable difference except for disgust in the face
  • Women more likely to recognise disgust
  • Men and women do not differ that much
12
Q

How does EI relate to PID?

A
  • Are we just reinventing the wheel? Is social/emotion perception just general cognitive ability? Is interpersonal success just neuroticism, extraversion, and agreeableness?
  • Important to know
  • Jingle-jangle fallacy
  • Jingle = two different things are the same because they bear the same name
  • Jangle = two identical or almost identical things are different because they are labelled differently
  • Implication = people may sell a product as new and sexy when it’s actually old knowledge
13
Q

What did Lewis et al (2016) find when looking at facial and body expression ?

A
  • Measured emotional expressions through looking at facial photographs
  • Different body positions to express emotions
  • Shown a face and have to choose from 5 emotions
  • Consistency across recognising facial expressions
  • Not as consistent when recognising body expressions
  • Evidence that some people who are very good at facial but not as good for body
14
Q

What correlations did Lewis et al find when looking at face specific factors?

A

face-specific factor: Autism symptoms: r = -.36 Alexithymia: r = -.32 Empathic concern: r = .24. Uncorrelated with general intelligence

15
Q

What correlations did Lewis et al find when looking at supramodal factors?

A

Supramodal factor (general ability): General intelligence: r = .43 (not a big correlation) Alexithymia: r = -.21 Autism symptoms: r = -.12

16
Q

What did Schulte et al (2004) think when comparing emotional intelligence and personality?

A
  • emotional intelligence: not much more than g and personality
  • 102 college students (Texas)
  • Wonderlic Personnal Test - brief measure of general intelligence; 50 items
  • NEO-FFI - 60 items
  • MSCEIT - Mayer/Salovey/Caruso EI test. Ability measure
17
Q

What correlations with EI did Schulte et al find?

A
  • WPT: r = .45
  • Neu: r = -.28
  • Ext: r = .18
  • Ope: r = .27
  • Agr: r = .27
  • Con: r = .23
  • So smart, emotionally stable, extraverted, open, agreeable, and conscientious individuals tend to score high in EI
18
Q

What did Petrides et al (2007) find when looking at Greek students?

A
  • 274 students (Greece)
  • Factor analysis - Trait EI was related to, but also distinct from, Big Five traits. Not captured fully in big 5 factors
  • Summary: “trait EI is a distinct, compound trait located at the lower levels of personality hierarchies”
19
Q

Can EI be applied?

A
  • Somewhat unscientific i.e. Big Five traits, aspects, and facets are probably the better labels to use
  • But in the context of business it might useful - Limited time; greater interest in screening candidates than scientific ‘truth’
  • Claims of being able to improve EI might be somewhat bogus - Personality and g are very hard to change by intervention. Although strategies for dealing with people might be more malleable
20
Q

What exactly is emotion regulation?

A
  • Capability to: decrease undesired emotions (e.g. anger, sadness) and increase desired emotions (e.g. happiness, gratitude)
  • For example, pre-interview: To calm nerves or to get hyped up
21
Q

What is the Process model of emotion regulation e.g. Gross & Thompson (2007)?

A
  • 4 basic components that are relevant for understanding EI
  • Situation – high pressure situation
  • Attention – what your attention is on
  • Appraisal – think about what the situation is all about
  • Response
  • A process, multiple components where emotions can start to rise
22
Q

How can each stage of the Process model of emotion regulation be changed?

A
  • Situation modification – change the situation
  • Attention deployment – distract
  • Cognitive change
  • Response modulation
23
Q

What is Attentional deployment?

A
  • Distraction - Browsing social media; listen to music

- Concentration - Set a specific task that will draw your focus away from the emotive entity

24
Q

What is Cognitive change?

A
  • Reappraisal - The emotion is normal. “Fear is good – I need it to perform”
  • Reappraise the meaning/outcome - “If they reject me it’s only because of my limited experience”
  • Reappraise as a third-person/temporal distancing - “The result of this talk won’t matter in a year”
25
Q

What is Response modulation?

A
  • Suppression
  • Suppress the expression - Don’t show you are worried
  • Suppress the experience - Blunt the internal feeling of anxiety
  • Suppress thoughts of the eliciting event - Don’t think about the terrible secretary who dropped coffee on you in the waiting room
26
Q

What strategies are best? (Webb et al)

A
  • Attentional deployment doesn’t work in general (more you try not to think about something, the more you think about it) - But distraction has a modest effect
  • Cognitive change has a small to medium effect in general - all types of reappraisal had reliable positive effects on emotional outcomes, manage emotional state
  • Response modulation has a small effect
  • Suppressing the expression of emotion had a small to-medium-sized effect on emotional outcomes.
  • In contrast, suppressing the experience of emotion, suppressing thoughts of the emotion-eliciting event, or suppressing both the expression and the experience of emotions did not reliably influence emotional outcomes