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Flashcards in Elizabeth Deck (150)
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1
Q

When was the Act of Uniformity? What did it do?

A
  1. Set out Book of Common Prayer (slightly altered from Edward’s time) and declared other rules, eg recusancy fines.
2
Q

What did MacCaffrey say about Elizabeth’s throne that she inherited?

A

It was “supported by a firm administrative and legal foundation”.

3
Q

What was the book that John Knox wrote that Eliz hated?

A

The ‘First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment of Women’z

4
Q

Which docile Catholic musician did Eliz like?

A

Thomas Tallis

5
Q

What did Eliz prefer to Presbyterianism?

A

Something more hierarchical - what the bishop Cyprian of Carthage called ‘monarchical episcopacy’

6
Q

When was Archbishop of Canterbury Edmund Grindal suspended so that he couldn’t claim revenue from his office? Why?

A

1576; he refused to suppress ‘prophesyings’ (Puritan preachers).

7
Q

What were the aims of the religious settlement?

A
  • Promote stability
  • Diplomatic/FP purpose (settlement gave an excuse to foreign leaders to turn a blind eye to the non-Catholic state).
  • Establish Elizabeth as the Supreme Head of the Church.
  • Establish uniformity of religion
8
Q

When did the Bishop of London and the Convocation draw up a summary of Catholic policy? Who was the bishop?

A

1559; Edmund Bonner (Bishop of London):

9
Q

When was the public disputation? How many Catholic bishops imprisoned as a result?

A

March 1559. Two.

10
Q

How much of a fine did the Act of Uniformity lay down?

A

12 pence

11
Q

Which sacrament was changed? What did this do?

A

The Black Rubric of 1552. This clarified that kneeling was for good order, and not to worship the body + blood (Catholic)…this was dropped.

12
Q

When was there a loss of leading Catholic members of the clergy?

A

1559

13
Q

What version of the Book of Common Prayer did the Act of Uniformity restore? What about communion?

A

The Act restored the 1552 version of the Prayer Book, but allowed for two interpretations of communion - 1 Catholic, 1 Protestant

14
Q

How many clergy were gone as a result of comissioners sent out to get clergy to take the Oath of Supremacy?

A

400 Marian clergy deprived.

15
Q

Whose consecration was delayed to transfer more church property to the crown?

A

Edmund Grindal (initially made Bishop of London) + Thomas Young (Archbishop of York).

16
Q

When were the royal injunctions that allowed Erasmus’s work? What was this work called?

A

1559; Erasmus’s ‘Paraphrases of the Gospels’. Erasmus was not a Protestant - presence of his work suggests an attempt to minimise the distance from the old ways.

17
Q

What does Neal think about the Elizabethan Church?

A

Elizabeth desired a return to Catholicism without the Pope, but was in conflict with the Puritan Party in the Commons.

18
Q

What does Haigh think about the Elizabethan Church?

A

Contrary to Neal, the Queen actually desired to contain Conservative opposition in the Lords, and that Neal exaggerated the political weight of Puritans in the Commons.

19
Q

When did the Pope issue his bull excommunicating Elizabeth? Which Pope was it?

A

1570; Pope Pius V

20
Q

When was the Ridolfi Plot?

The Throckmorton Plot?

Babington Plot?

A

1571

1583 (Throckmorton)

1586 (Babington).

21
Q

When did the Spanish Armada set sail?

A

1588

22
Q

When are 2 acts passed? What do they declare?

A

1571 (after the Ridolfi Plot);

  1. Treasonable to declare that Eliz is bit Queen
  2. Treasonable to publish any Papal Bullls
23
Q

When were 2 severe acts passed, though Eliz intervened to modify the penalties?

A
  1. Increase recusancy fines to £20.

2. Converting people to Catholicism = a treasonable offence

24
Q

When was the Act against Jesuits and seminary priests passed? What did it do?

A

1585; any priest ordained by the Pope’s authority now guilty of treason as soon as they enter England

25
Q

What did a Royal Proclamation in 1602 do?

A

A royal proclamation against all Jesuits was issued in 1602. Orders all Jesuits to leave England, with other priests given 12 months to leave.

26
Q

When did Puritan clergy petition Convocation to ask if holy days could be abolished? What happened to it?

A

1563; Petition was defeated by 1 vote.

27
Q

When was a bill introduced in Parliament to reform Book of Common Prayer by removing Catholic practices?

A

1571

28
Q

When was an Admonition to Parliament established?

A

1572

29
Q

When was a bill proposed in Parliament to change the government of the Church to Calvin’s system of Geneva? Who by?

A

1584; Peter Turner

30
Q

In the same year it was published, the authors of the ‘Admonition’ were imprisoned. Who were they?

A

John Field

31
Q

When was a Puritan leader executed? Who was he?

A

1593; Henry Barrow

32
Q

When were the 39 Articles established by a Convocation of the Church?

Which article rejected the sacrifice of the mass? (Catholic doctrine).

A

1563; 31st article

33
Q

When were the Articles passed? (In light of Eliz’s excommunication)

A

1571

34
Q

When did Parker become Archbishop of Canterbury? When did he remove radical preachers from London?

A

1559; mid 1566

35
Q

When was Whitgift Archbishop of Canterbury? What were his Articles?

A

Early 1580s onwards.

3 Articles - issued 1583. Deprived over 300 clergy who refused to conform.

36
Q

What did Haigh say about Seminary Priests?

A

The “Influence of Seminary Priests [is] much exaggerated”.

37
Q

Under Mary, how much had the Privy Council grown in size?

A

To between 40 + 50 members.

38
Q

In his last X years, Parliament only met Y (Henry VII)

A

X = 12

Y = twice

39
Q

Arguments over finances w/Wolsey meant fewer Parliaments called after X. Yet, in Y, authority of Parliament increased as it legalised the BWR.

A

X = 1515

Y = 1530s

40
Q

In how many of Elizabeth’s total Parliament sessions was tax asked for?

A

11 in the 13 total sessions. This always had to be justified.

41
Q

How many MPs did Burghley return in 1584?

A

Over 25

42
Q

Which Catholic bishops did Elizabeth imprison?

A

Thomas Watson (Bishop of Lincoln).

43
Q

By 1603, how many peers were there? (The number had fallen).

A

Fallen to 55

44
Q

What did Norman Jones say about opposition in Parliament?

A

“Most resistance came from Catholics in the Lords”.

45
Q

When did Elizabeth prorogue Parliament and veto the execution of MQS? Why was the session called?

A

Spring 1571 - likely called because of pressure on the Queen by the council

46
Q

When did Eliz continue to impose her limited version of free speech? What was the session for? Who got imprisoned for demanding free speech?

A

Early 1576; session to request money; Peter Wentworth

47
Q

How did M. Graves describe Wentworth?

A

As “politically inept”.

48
Q

What’s J. F. Neale’s view of events in 1571?

A

The Purtian Choir gained radical new leaders in the 1570s such as John Field

49
Q

When did Elizabeth concede to Parliament to cancel some monopolies? How did Neale v. M. Graves describe situation?

A
  1. Neale = there was rebellion in the Commons by organised opposition. M. Graves = it was a response to a “common grievance”.
50
Q

When was the match to the Archduke Charles of Austria prevented by Leicester? Alencon (French Catholic Duke)?

A

1567; 1579

51
Q

What did Robert Dudley (Earl of Leicester) try to persuade Elizabeth to do in 1578? What about Cecil?

A

Send aid to Protestant rebels in the Netherlands. Cecil supported more limited support for defensive reasons.

52
Q

By when had Dudley become the Queen’s fav? By when had Robert Devreux become the Queen’s fave? What else did Devreux do?

A

1560; 1587. He achieved military success against the Spanish Navy in 1597 in the capture of Cadiz.

53
Q

When was Robert Cecil appointed Elizabeth’s secretary of state?

A

1596

54
Q

During the 1590s, what did Elizabeth make sure regarding factions?

A

That political vacancies go to Robert Cecil and his followers, as Devreux had massive ambition.

55
Q

What methods of control did Elizabeth use?

A

She prevented the Council from agreeing on formal advice that she would later reject, she caught out councillors because of her accurate note-taking, and displayed violence (execution of Norfolk + Essex).

Crucially, she pitted Councillors against each other to fight for her support.

56
Q

What trend (JPs) continued under Elizabeth? What was different about this?

A

The rising number of JPs - continued during Elizabeth’s reign. Yet, as time went on the burden of the JPs increased as a result of further socio-economic legislation is passed.

57
Q

What were the roles of JPs? By 1600, how many on average were there per county?

A

Maintaining the law + implementing socio-economic + religious legislation. By 1600, there was an average of 50 JPs per county.

58
Q

Who were used to enforce the Anti-Catholic laws of the 1580s rather than JPs?

A

Committed Protestants.

59
Q

What had Lord Lieutenants been responsible for under Henry VIII? What had changed under Elizabeth?

A

Had been responsible for raising local militias during Henry 8th’s reign, and was originally a temporary position. Bu the 1580s, LLs had become a permanent admin post, had one per county and additional admin duties included supervising recunsants.

60
Q

What does A. G. R. Smith maintain about local government?

A

“the majority of the governing classes…were in broad agreement” with most of the Queen’s policies.

61
Q

How did Elizabeth reduce costs?

A
  • No new royal palaces were built + annual maintenance costs were cut by 50%.
  • William Paulet, the Marquis of Winchester and Lord Treasurer made sure that spending did not exceed income. When William Cecil took over in 1572, there was no change in priority.
62
Q

How did Elizabeth increase income?

By 1585, what was the main success of Eliz’s financial policy?

A
  • Privateering.
  • Sell crown lands - raised over £600,000
  • By 1585, Elizabeth had been able to pay off Mary’s debt of £300,000 and build a reserve of £300,000.
63
Q

What criticisms are there of Elizabeth’s policies?

A
  • Customs duties were not realigned to take inflation into according mt.
  • Eliz rewarded her favourites by allowing them to use revenues from their offices. Winchester and Leicester alone owed £70,000 to the crown.
  • The crown resorted to unpopular measures like monopolies, with caused political unrest and increased dramatically after 1597.
64
Q

How many Councillors under Mary? How many by the end of Eliz’s reign?

How does Haigh describe Elizabeth’s propaganda?

A

50 councillors dropped to 11.

Elizabeth used propaganda “to maximise popular loyalty”.

65
Q

What was the main conflicts in factions in Elizabeth’s council?

A

Rob Cecil vs Rob Devreux (Earl of Essex).

Will Cecil (made Lord Burghley in 1571); Robert Dudley (made Earl of Leicester in 1564).

66
Q

What reveals a lack of control from Eliz over the Council?

A

Essex Rebellion (1601)

67
Q

When was Peter Wentworth imprisoned in the Tower for demanding greater freedom of speech?

A

1576

68
Q

When did Eliz make sure the Rob Cecil faction was dominant (through giving political vacancies), as she was aware of Essex’s massive ambition?

A

1600

69
Q

What were the aims of Elizabeth’s foreign policy?

A

Protect English interests overseas and internally.

Expand English trade.

Maintain the balance of power in Europe. Do not let Spain become too powerful.

70
Q

How did William Paget, a prominent statesman, describe England in terms of its FP?

A

“a bone between two dogs” (dogs being France and Spain).

71
Q

When did King Henry II of France die? Who were the succeeding monarchs?

A

Francis II (almost a puppet in the hand of MQS’s Guise uncles) and Mary Stuart (ie MQS).

72
Q

When did Protestants depose Mary of Guise in Scotland? What aid was England to send in Scotland (partly because of Cecil’s fear of Catholicism/Auld Alliance + securing English borders).

A
  1. Treaty of Berwick confirmed the aid (1560) in the form of joint military action against the French with the Scottish Lords.
73
Q

What Treaty ended Scottish intervention? What were the terms?

A

Summer of 1560. French agreed to withdraw from Scotland, leaving only a token force. A new Protestant gov (the Lords of the Congregation) was established. Mary and Francis II should not use the arms and signs of England in their heraldry.

74
Q

Why was a Calvinist settlement/rebellion only a matter of time in Scotland?

What were the consequences of Scottish intervention?

A

John Knox had sown the seeds for religious unrest in 1559 through a passionate sermon at Perth.

Cecil’s triumph put him at the heart of Elizabeth’s gov, but Eliz now seen as protectress of Protestant rebels…would make friendly relations w/Spain + FR difficult.

75
Q

When did the French Wars of Religion commence? Who urged her to send support under what treaty? Why?

A
  1. Dudley urged her to send help to the Huguenots (French Protestants) (Hampton Court Treaty, 1562). This was because a united France under Catholic control wouldn’t be in England’s interests.
76
Q

What can be said about aggressive/degressive nature of intervention in France?

A

Calais aggressive, but primarily defensive (tho Dudley was aggressive).

77
Q

Any other reasons for intervention in France?

A

MQS Guise bros ties.

To recover Calais (aggressive).

78
Q

What were the terms of the Hampton Court Treaty?

A

England agreed to provide 6,000 troops in return for the cession of Le Havre and Dieppe, which would later be exchanged for Calais.

79
Q

What was the outcome of English intervention in France?

A

A disaster - Huguenots were disappointed with level of English support, joined forces with the Catholics + drove the English out of LeHavre in 1563. As a result, the English did not cross the Channel for another 20 years.

80
Q

How much of England’s overseas trade passed through Antwerp? How much of this was based on cloth? When did Cardinal Granvelle, Philip II’s chief minister, ban the import of all English cloth? Why?

A

3/4; 3/4; in 1563; he believed that after Eliz’s previous sponsorship of Protestant rebels, English merchants were trying to spread Protestantism.

81
Q

What Elizabeth do in retaliation against Granvelle?

A

Stopped all imports from the Netherlands - but trade resumed within a year.

82
Q

When were there calvinist riots in the Netherlands? When did Philip II announce his intention to crush heresy (and thus killed 1k people)?

A

1566;1567

83
Q

Why did Philip still promise in the 1560s not to assist MQS or agree to a Papal bull, so long as Elizabeth didn’t openly declare herself a defender of European Protestantism?

A

Because of:

  • Antwerp trade
  • Eliz better on Eng throne than someone linked to France
84
Q

By 1550, what New World territories had Spain conquered? Who (and when) bought slaves from West Africa and sold them to colonists in the New World?

A

Mexico, Peru + Chile; 1562. Did this again in 1564, financed by Eliz as she received a return of 60% on her investment.

85
Q

When did Spain attack Hawkin’s fleet at San Juan de Ulua in the Gulf of Mexico?

A

In 1568 - he was committing piracy, and it was the first sign of an issue that was to become a major Spanish grievance.

86
Q

What did the Treaty of Troyes do? (1564) after intervention in France.

A

Recognised French ownership of Calais in return for 120,000 crowns.

87
Q

When did Elizabeth seize bullion for Alba’s army (which resulted in a trade embargo)?

A

1568…trade not restored until 1573. This was arguably aggressive, but arguably defensive in that it maintained the balance of power.

88
Q

When was the Spanish Fury that resulted in Leicester’s 1578 urgings?

When did the Duke of Parma begin to recover land lost to the rebels?
When did Eliz sign the Treaty of Nonsuch with the Dutch rebels? Why?

A

1576

1579

1585 - Parma’s success in recovering territory (which increased the danger of a possible English invasion) convinced Eliz that action was needed. 7,000 troops sent.

89
Q

When was there outbreak of Dutch revolt against Spanish Catholic rule in the Netherlands?

A

1566-67 - the Spanish Duke of Alba was sent to crush rioting. Suddenly, this made the Northern coast of the Channel insecure. Massive alarm in England that Alba may turn to England once his work was done.

90
Q

When was William, Prince of Orange (tactical leader of the Dutch rebels) assassinated? How? What did this mean for England?

A

1584; prince killed in his own palace w/a concealable weapon. Security measures brought into England. Strained Anglo-Spanish relations out of fear. Catholic fear at Court now prominent.

91
Q

Execution of MQS in 1587 - what did it do to England?

A

Worsened Anglo-Spanish relations. De Mendoza, Spanish ambassador expelled; end of diplomacy between England and Spain.

92
Q

What was the ‘Singeing of the King’s Beard’?

A

1587 - Francis Drake sailed to Cadiz coast, destroyed Armada fleet (around 100 ships).

This accelerated Philip’s plans to rebuild and launch it.

93
Q

What was the Spanish Armada plan?

A

Duke of Parma w/30k troops in the Spanish Netherlands would ‘join hands’ with the Armada, and then strike the south-coast of England.

94
Q

What went wrong for the Spanish at Gravelines?

A

1588 - 500 rounds of cannon shot at the Armada. Spanish had a slower rate of fire, and couldn’t ram English ships easily.

95
Q

What direction did Elizabeth take following Armada defeat?

A

To explore the New World.

96
Q

Describe the nature of Elizabeth’s foreign policy ‘later on’.

A

Seemed more aggressive later on - but some historians have argued (and what I really think) that this was necessary for England’s own security (ie defensive).

97
Q

What was the compromise between the ‘Hawks’ (eg Devreux) and the ‘minimalists’ (eg Will Cecil) on the Council?

A

Sail to Spain to destroy remnants of the Armada; seize Lisbon (Portugal) by kindling a rebellion against Spain; Drake to capture the Azores islands.

98
Q

What happened with the 3 stage Portugal expedition in reality? (1589)

A

Eliz reluctant to provide artillery needed to liberate Lisbon. Sailed to Corunna rather than the Armada (thus Lisbon strengthened their defences); Drake tried to capture the islands, but bad weather stopped him.

Cost = £100,000

99
Q

What happened with privateering after failure in Portugal?

Yet, what happened in Morocco?

A

After 1591, no fewer than 100 ships sailed each year.

Yet, Armada defeat granted England better standing with other powers, eg the King of Morocco (al-Mansur) offered alliance to invade Portugal, along with 150,000 ducats.

99
Q

When did Sir Martin Frobisher sail north of Canada and discover a new trading route (the Frobisher strait)?

A

1576-78. Helped expand English trade.

100
Q

What did Sir Francis Drake do in terms of Privateering?

A

1577 - captured the Cacafuego, a Spanish treasure ship that had £140,000 worth of treasure.

Maintain the balance of power in Europe.

100
Q

As clashes with Spain increased, England accelerated its search for markets elsewhere. What did the Merchant Adventurers do?

A

Transferred the cloth trade from Antwerp to Emden, Hamburg and Middleburg. Helped expand English trade + protect English interests overseas and internally.

101
Q

How else did Eliz control Parliament?

A

Speaker of the House could decide the order in which the bills would be read.

102
Q

When did MQS return to Scotland? When did she marry the Earl of Bothwell? When did she arrive in England?

A

1561; 1567 (he was the chief suspect in her previous husband’s murder); 1568

103
Q

When was there a Scottish Civil War, which forced Mary to flee to England?

A

1568

104
Q

When was the Northern rising? Who was to be MQS’s husband? Which earls carried out the uprising?

A

1569; The Duke of Norfolk; The Earls of Westmorland and Northumberland, who wanted to take control of the person of the Scottish Queen and overthrow Elizabeth

105
Q

What did the Privy Council demand after the rising?

A

Norfolk’s execution (but not MQS’s). In 1570-71, Eliz urged the Scots to restore MQS to the throne.

106
Q

When was the Ridolfi Plot? What did it want to do? Who did it involve?

A

1571 (after Eliz’s excommunication in 1570); to assassinate Eliz and replace her w/MQS; involved Mary, Philip II and the Pope.

107
Q

How was the Ridolfi Plot foiled?

A

Cecil intercepted messages from MQS to Pope + Philip II.

109
Q

During the 1571 Parliamentary session, what bill did Eliz consider?

A

Only the one barring MQS from the succession.

111
Q

When was the Throckmorton Plot? Who was involved? How was it foiled?

A

1583; French Catholics would invade England, free MQS and put her on the throne, backed by Spanish and Papal funds. Plot also involved Jesuit priest William Allen.

Throckmorton (the go-between for the Spanish ambassador de Mendoza and Mary) aroused suspicion through regular meetings with Mendoza. Executed in 1584 after house searched.

112
Q

What was the government response to the Throckmorton Plot (1583)?

A

The Privy Councillors set up the Bond of Association, which pledged the signers that, in the event of an attempt on Elizabeth’s life, to kill not just the assassin but also the claim ain’t to the throne.

De Mendoza was expelled. 1585 act passed.

116
Q

When was the Babington Plot? Who was involved? How was it foiled? What was the government response?

A

1586; Anthony Babington sent letters to Mary in code - planned to kill Eliz and install MQS. The letter was intercepted by Walsingham’s agents.

Council persuaded the reluctant Queen that MQS must be brought to trial. Trial found Mary guilty - she was executed in 1587.

117
Q

What arguments can be used to diminish the threat of:

  • Northern uprising?
  • Ridolfi Plot?
  • Throckmorton Plot?
  • Babington?
A

N. uprising: Not much Spanish support and easily crushed.

R: MQS was under tight surveillance by Walsingham.

Throck: “, and Jesuit Priests didn’t actually commit violence themselves.

Babington: Now additional safeguards, and inevitable that MQS would be put to trial after 3 previous incidents.

119
Q

How did Elizabeth respond to MQS’s execution?

A

She banished Cecil and ordered the imprisonment of her Secretary, William Davidson in the Tower. It was highly unusual to send a death warrant almost as soon as it was signed (as Davidson had done).

120
Q

What did exploration, trade, privateering and Antwerp all do? What did all but Antwerp do?

A
  1. Allow England to be in a better state financially.

2. Enhance English prestige.

121
Q

What happened re. the Northern uprising?

A

Earl of Sussex marched northwards with superior forces. In the end, as many as 800 men hanged.

122
Q

When was the St Bartholomew’s day massacre? Who was the plotter (and who authorised it). How many houses were pillaged?

A

1572; plot to kill Admiral Coligny, a French Huguenot leader, plotted by Catherine de Medici (the mother of Charles IX, the French King, and sanctioned by him).

Nearly 600 houses pillaged as violence spread through Paris after Coligny was killed.

123
Q

What happened during the St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre in terms of Walsingham? Why did Catherine do it?

A

Walsingham, Elizabeth’s ambassador at the time to France, barely escaped with his life. Medici did it because she resented the influence the Huguenots held over her son.

124
Q

How did Elizabeth’s excommunication by Pope Pius V make MQS more of a threat?

Who was a double-agent that helped Walsingham uncover the Babington plot?

A

MQS was the obvious replacement for Catholics to put on the English throne.

Gilbert Gifford was a double-agent who helped Walsingham uncover the Babington Plot.

125
Q

What was the aim of the Jesuit priests who came to England?

A

To ‘save English souls’.

126
Q

How did the Bartholomew’s Day Massacre make Mary more of a threat? Walsingham’s spy network? The Jesuit priests?

A

Bartholomew’s Day revealed potential capabilities of MQS-inspired violence.

Spy network + constant monitoring reveals MQS to be a perceived threat.

Jesuit priests now supported MQS.

127
Q

How did the Bartholomew’s Day Massacre make Mary less of a threat? Walsingham’s spy network? The Jesuit priests?

A

Bartholomew’s - in reality MQS was under tight surveillance; MQS was being constantly surveyed and spied; the priests themselves were not violent, and their capabilities were only linked to what could happen w/Mary.

128
Q

Why did the Scottish nobles rebel against Elizabeth anyway?

A

They believed that MQS’s focus should be on Scottish throne, not on taking the English… Marriage to Bothwell (chief suspect in previous husband, Lord Darnely’s murder) in 1567 amplified this feeling.

129
Q

What was the population rise for Eliz?

A

Under 2 million in 1485 to 4 million by the end of her her reign. Evolutionary change. Also, as a result of an increase in population, more poverty as there’s more mouths to feed, etc.

130
Q

What is enclosure? Give statistics about it.

A

Enclosure = the fencing off of land from open fields, with the ending of all common rights over it. Between 1500+1600, only increased by 2%. By the end of Elizabeth’s reign, less than 9%.

Indicates continuity.

131
Q

What’s an example of agricultural innovation?

A

‘Up and down’ husbandry did away with the division of arable and pasture farming. Crop yields increased as animals kept on arable fields at night, with dung enriching soil. Amount of animals to be kept increased as more crops = more fodder to feed them.

Revolutionary change.

132
Q

How did the population of London rise from Henry VII to Elizabeth? What was the potential consequence of this?

A

Population of London increased from 60,000 under Henry VII to 200,000 in 1600.

Growth of London can be seen as resulting in decline of other towns - entrepreneurs wouldn’t want to stay in Exeter. But, still towns that could specialise - Nantwich became centre of salt industry.

Evolutionary changes in terms of the decline of other towns…London would always be the capital anyway.

133
Q

Had the number of peers since Henry 7th risen? What more about this?

What was maintained in terms of social structure since Henry 7th?

A

Yes - from 44 in 1547 to 55 by 1603 - but Eliz had reduced peerages, while Henry VIII had created the most in the 1530s. Eliz relief as much as she could on the old families…evolutionary change.

The Chain of Being - indicates continuity.

134
Q

What government attitude had undergone a crucial change?

What caused inflation?

A

Attitudes to the poor.

Poor harvests, too much population, etc.

135
Q

What did Northumberland not do in terms of the poor, despite retaining provisions for the disabled?

A

He did not set out a clear enough distinction between the idle poor and the genuinely unemployed.

136
Q

What did the 1572 Vagabonds Act do?

1576 - ‘Act for the Relief of the Poor’?

A

1572 - made the distinction between genuinely unemployed and idle. Harsh penalties against idle included ear boring. Poor rate raised to give shelter to the impotent poor.

1576 - JPs required to buy raw materials to give work to genuinely unemployed + idle poor sent to Houses of Correction. Paying poor rate encouraged - if you don’t you’re punished.

137
Q

What did another ‘Act for the Relief of the Poor’ (1598) do?

A

4 overseers to be appointed to supervise the administration of poor relief, and secure more apprenticeships.

The Act was passed against a series of disastrous harvests which pushed up corn prices by 80%… so one could argue that gov was reacting to events here.

138
Q

What was another part of Philip’s vast empire?

A

The Spanish Netherlands

139
Q

Summary of Elizabethan government and the poor.

A

The government was consistent in its inability to tackle the root causes of poverty (eg inflation), even though they did gradually increase their intervention to help genuinely unemployed and the impotent poor.

Though Houses of correction were favourable to ear boring, nothing was done to properly help the idle poor.

140
Q

When was the Tyrone rebellion? Why did it happen?

A

1598-1603

Hugh O Neil (Earl of Tyrone) lacked influence in Elizabethan government. Tried to get a commission from Elizabeth to rule Ulster in Northern Ireland. She refused. Tyrone wanted to rule more than the Ulster region, and the Gaelic tribes were prepared to help him in his conquest in return for removing English troops from Ireland.

141
Q

Outline the events of the Tyrone rebellion.

A

1598 - Tyrone’s army easily defeated a smaller force at the Battle of Yellow Ford.

Devreux struck a truce in 1599 against orders / banished from court.

Essex’s replacement, Lord Mountjoy, had a lot more success.

Turning point was at Kinsale in 1602, when troops defeated a Spanish relief force. Tyrone submitted in 1603.

142
Q

How might the Tyrone rebellion be seen as threatening? Why not?

A

Was threatening:

  • Spain was an ally.
  • Elizabeth’s campaign put an enormous strain on the economy.

Wasn’t threatening:

  • Foreign aid to the rebels = minimal.
  • Rebellion was not on home soil - so was it really a direct threat against Elizabeth?
143
Q

When was the Essex rebellion? What was Robert Devreux’s motivations?

A

Wanted to change government after being banished from court, and gain more power + dominate courtly politics.

144
Q

Describe the events of the Essex rebellion (1601).

Why was it threatening? Why not?

A

Essex held 4 Councillors hostage, made his way to London under the belief that citizens would rise with him (with 200 allies).
But Lord Burghley, Rob Cecil’s bro, quickly proclaimed him a traitor. Essex caught, tried for treason and executed.

Threatening: held Councillors hostage. Not threatening: Essex was useless as his own power rested on Eliz…a paradox.

145
Q

What were the key features of the Reniassance?

A

Rationality and the rebirth of classical literature. Though the Renaissance mainly had an impact on the upper classes / grammar schools (where few pews sands attended), it affected everyone in that people were encouraged to be more inquisitive, read the English Bible, etc.

146
Q

Give examples of the ‘Golden Age’ of Elizabethan culture.

A

The building of the Globe theatre; the printing press (invented by William Caxton) opens up mass market publications and more Classical Greek literature for the ‘gentlemen’.

147
Q

How did the Renaissance affect Elizabethan society?

A

The Renaissance meant that the ability to read and write became a highly desirable asset. The demand for education grew - new colleges founded in London, such as Gresham in 1597, offered a broader curriculum.

Introduced the phenomenon of the ‘gentleman’, who was expected to have deep knowledge of Classical Greek and Latin.

148
Q

In contrast to the ‘gentleman’, what recreational activities were enjoyed by the lower classes?

A

Cockfighting. Shakespeare also had popular appeal with everyone.

149
Q

Why was Elizabeth’s image important?

A
  • Help political stability.
  • Because of her gender.
  • Allowed literate and illiterate to see a strong image of the Queen.
150
Q

Give two examples of Elizabethan portraits:

A

‘The Phoenix Portrait’ (circa 1575) - Phoenix emblem on the painting emphasised the Queen’s image as the ‘Virgin Queen’.

‘The Ermine Portrait’ (circa 1585) - the Queen bears an olive branch of peace (ie stability). There is also an ermine on her which represents purity and, by extension, sexual purity.

151
Q

What years saw dire crop failures?

A

1594-97 saw four successive dire crop failures.

152
Q

Describe the nature of Elizabeth’s religious settlement.

A

Middle-way whilst leaning towards Pritestantism. But, after time for on it became more Protestant, with growing anti-Catholic feeling w/MQS, increasing anti-Catholic legislation in the 1570s, ramped up in the 1580s, etc. After excommunication there was little that Elizabeth could do to win Catholics to her side.

153
Q

Though Elizabeth’s religious policy became more Protestant, the fundamental aims of the settlement still remained (establish uniformity, Eliz as supreme head, promote stability + serve diplomatic/FP purpose).

A

154
Q

Name a Spanish privateer.

A

Miguel Enriquez of Puerto Rico