Flashcards in Electrolytes PP 41 On Deck (70)
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1
Measures all of the calcium (bound plus unbound)
Total Serum Calcium
2
Normal range in adults = 9 to 11 mg/dl or 4.5 to 5.5 mEq/L (may vary slightly with different laboratories)
Total Serum Calcium
3
Unless a calcium value specifies ionized calcium, it is _____ calcium
total
4
The normal range in adults = 4 to 5 mg/dl, about half of the total calcium (varies with different laboratories)
Ionized Calcium
5
Clinically significant calcium imbalances are caused by alterations in the plasma concentration of _________
unbound ionized calcium
6
Serum calcium concentration drops below the lower limit of normal
Hypocalcemia
7
Fraction of unbound ionized calcium in the blood decreases by more calcium binding to ____ proteins or other organic ions in _____.
plasma; hypocalcemia
8
Decreased calcium intake or absorption
hypocalcemia
9
Poor diet; lack of Vitamin D; excessive phytates or oxalates
hypocalcemia
10
Decreased physiologic availability of calcium and increased calcium excretion can cause ______
hypocalcemia
11
Excessive phosphate, hypoparathyroidism can cause ________
hypocalcemia
12
Steatorrhea and pancreatitis associated with _____
hypocalcemia
13
Decreases the threshold potential, causing hyperexcitability of neuromuscular cells
hypocalcemia
14
Positive Trousseau sign
Positive Chvostek sign•Not reliable in infants
symptoms of _____
hypocalcemia
15
Paresthesias
Muscle twitching and cramping
Hyperactive reflexes
symptoms of _____
hypocalcemia
16
Carpal spasm and Pedal spasm symptoms of ______
hypocalcemia
17
Tetany
Laryngospasm
Seizures
Cardiac dysrhythmias•Action potentials are generated more easily
symptoms of ________
hypocalcemia
18
Occurs when the serum calcium concentration rises above the upper limit of normal
Indicates an elevation of the calcium concentration of the extracellular fluid
Hypercalcemia
19
Increased calcium intake or absorptionMilk-alkali syndrome, vitamin D overdose (includes shark cartilage supplements)
Hypercalcemia
20
Shift of calcium from bone to extracellular fluid
-Hyperparathyroidism, immobilization, bone tumors
Hypercalcemia
21
Decreased calcium excretion results in ______, Can happen after taking _____ diuretics
Hypercalcemia; thiazide
22
Causes decreased neuromuscular excitability caused by elevation of the threshold potential of excitable cells
Hypercalcemia
23
Muscle weakness
Diminished reflexes
Cardiac dysrhythmias
symptoms of ______
Hypercalcemia
24
Anorexia, nausea, emesis
Fatigue
symptoms of _____
Hypercalcemia
25
Polyuria
Constipation
Headache, confusion, lethargy, personality change
symptoms of ______
Hypercalcemia
26
Renal calculi
Pathological fractures
symptoms of ______
Hypercalcemia
27
Normal = 1.5 to 2.5 mEqL (depending on lab)
Plasma Magnesium
28
Magnesium ions present in bound and unbound ionized forms
Plasma Magnesium
29
Serum magnesium concentration decreases below the lower limit of normal (____ mEq/L) _______
1.5; Hypomagnesemia
30
