Eggs and Egg products Flashcards Preview

RUSVM Epi Summer 17 > Eggs and Egg products > Flashcards

Flashcards in Eggs and Egg products Deck (31)
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1
Q

What are the various types of farms used for egg production?

A

Free range - free open land
free run - birds run free within an enclosed space - they have to potential to hurt each other
battery cage systems - usually 6 chickens per cage

2
Q

Hens will typically produce ____ eggs per year

A

~250

3
Q

What does the composition of an egg promote? (inner contents)

A

Contents - water, protein, fat, carbs –> this combination promotes bacterial growth

luckily, it is protected by the cell membrane, shell, and cuticle

4
Q

Egg products include…?

A

liquid, dried, or frozen eggs
Yolks, whites, whole egg
Mixtures containing eggs

5
Q

What are the 4 steps in egg processing?

A
  1. Collect eggs from hens
  2. Wash
  3. Sort edible from inedible eggs (optional - grade and size eggs)
  4. Store and transport eggs
6
Q

What can happen if washing is done incorrectly and the cuticle is removed?

A

Introduction of bacteria

7
Q

What gross features will make an egg considered inedible?

A

dirty surface
cracked
abnormal findings upon candling

8
Q

T/F: Eggs everywhere are to be stored in a refrigerated section

A

FALSE

this is decided per country

  • in the US - all eggs for retail are refrigerated
    benefits: cool temps prevent embyo developement, slows spoilage, slows age related changes in albumin
9
Q

How long do eggs last if kept at room temp? and if they are refrigerated?

A

Room temp - 2-3 weeks

Refrigerated - 4-5 weeks

10
Q

What are the physical barriers eggs have to prevent bacterial entry? What are other non physical barries?

A

Physical: eggshell, cuticle, and shell membranes

Other:
Antimicrobial proteins (lysozyme in albumin, IgA and IgM in albumin and IgG in yolk)
Interior pH - newly laid egg = 7.6 but can increased to 9.7 during storage
11
Q

What are the regulations of the 1070 Egg Product Inspection Act?

A
  • mandatory inspection of eggs and egg products for safety and adulteration
  • Mandatory pasteurization of egg products
12
Q

What entity is responsible for the safety of shell eggs produced in the US?

A

FDA

13
Q

What entity is responsible for the safety of egg products and imported shell eggs?

A

USDA

14
Q

What are exemptions to the EPIA?

A

Eggs from small farms (less than 3000 hens)

Farmer selling direct to consumer for personal use

15
Q

What bacteria is most likely present in an egg with very green colored whites?

A

Pseudomonas

16
Q

what constitutes as an adulterated egg?

A
  • Containing or contaminated with any unsafe pesticide, food additive, or dye
  • prepared under unsanitary conditions
  • Has been incubated
  • Damaged (and concealed or misrepresented)
  • If it has been modified, substituted, or replaced with anything to “make it appear better or of greater value than it is”
17
Q

What is the pasteurization process of eggs?

A

performed at 140F/60C for 3.5 mins

(higher temps are required for separated yolks and for products with added salt/sugar)

*Optional - USDA approved equipment can pasteurize eggs while still in the shell

18
Q

The EPIA only mandates that eggs must be _____ and not unhealthy

A

SAFE

quality assurance programs are optional

19
Q

Who sets standards for shell eggs quality in the US?

A

USDA

20
Q

When selling eggs by different size groups, are all eggs weighed individually to be labeled as a certain size?

A

Not usually

Sizes are defined as the minimum net weight of a dozen eggs

21
Q

Egg grading is based upon the quality of which egg components?

A

Egg shell
Air cell
Egg white
Egg yolk

22
Q

Are eggs graded individually or as lots?

A

Individually

Grades are AA, A, and B

23
Q

Who performs egg grading?

A

USDA’s agricultural marketing service and state agencies

24
Q

What bacteria is the most common cause of egg related outbreaks?

A

Salmonella enterica –> enteritidis

*other salmonella spp can cause illness as well

25
Q

Where did the largest egg related outbreaks occur in the US?

A

Prisons

Salmonella enteritidis

26
Q

How does an egg get infected with salmonella?

A

Salmonella infects the ovaries of healthy-appearing hens –> causes egg associated salmonellosis

27
Q

T/F: Eggs infected with salmonella, if refrigerated, will not grow anymore bacteria - therefore they are not infectious

A

FALSE

It is true that the low temp will stop bacterial growth - but it will not kill the bacterial already present –> still infectious

*humans get sick from consuming raw or under cooked eggs

28
Q

Who are in the high risk population for salmonellosis?

A

Elderly
very young
pregnant women
immunocompromised

29
Q

How long is the incubation period of salmonellosis? What symptoms are seen in infected people and how long do they last?

A

Incubation = 12-72 hours

Symptoms lase 4-7 days:
Dhr, vomiting, abdominal pain, chills, fever, headache

*bacterial septicemia is a possible complication

30
Q

What steps can be taken to prevent bacterial infections from eggs?

A
  • Pasteurization and cooking of eggs
  • eggs inedible for human consumption must be denatured when used for animal feed
  • reduction or elimination of carrier hens
31
Q

What regulations are in place to get more salmonella free populations of chickens?

A

SE rule for USA layer hens:

Farms that sell table eggs must have a control program in place for Salmonella Enteritidis

  1. Biosecurity and pest control
  2. Clean and disinfect premises that have tested positive for SE before adding SE free chickens
  3. Procure or raise SE free pullets to replace “retired” hens
  4. If the environment tests positive for SE - test eggs (depopulate your chickens/cull and disinfect the farm before repopulating)