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SOC100 > Education > Flashcards

Education Flashcards

1
Q

Informal Education

A
  • Ppl acquired knowledge + skills — spontaneous, unplanned—from parents + other group members.
  • knowledge from things you consume (conversations, media, literature)
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2
Q

Formal education

A

academic setting - school - planned instructional process + teachers who convey specific knowledge, skills + thinking processes
less spontatneous + more meticulous learning objectives, there are different learning objects

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3
Q

Mass Education: An Overview

A
  • Education system displaced organized religion
  • second important agent of socialization
  • Universal mass education ecent phenomenon + limited to relatively wealthy countries
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4
Q

History of Mass Education

A

•300 yrs ago: Most were illiterate
•1950: 10% of world compulsory mass education
•Today: Half of citizens in developing countries illiterate

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5
Q

Canadian Education

A
  • access to higher education remains uneven, Canadian accomplishment impressive when compared with other countries
  • education made a priority earlier
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6
Q

Canadian Education

A

•In 2009, Canadian students ranked 4th out of 65 countries in reading, mathematics, and science.

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7
Q

Uniform Socialization

A
  • Creating systems of education sufficient resources include all children
  • Religious training was never widely available and tended to set people apart from surrounding community
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8
Q

Uniform Socialization

A
  • forms of instruction centralized + rationalized system = uniformity + standardization
  • Diversity gradually gave way to homogenized indoctrination into common culture
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9
Q

Uniform Socialization

A
  • similarities, core ideas decided by ministry of education
  • state less involved in uni, direct say into how to shape ppl
  • create a sense of us
  • important part in spreading canadian ethos, culture, identity
  • learn about Canada, major source of knowledge of country
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10
Q

Rising Levels of Education

A

•Amount of education risen + expected to continue

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11
Q

Educational achievement

A

learning/skill individual acquires + what grades reflect

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12
Q

Educational attainment

A

number of years of schooling completed, certificates + degrees earned

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13
Q

Individual Advantages and Disadvantages

A
  • Higher educational attainment effective securing more employment + higher earnings
  • more education attainment = better earnings
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14
Q

Rise of Mass Schooling: Factors

A

i. Development of the printing press: literacy spread

ii. Protestant Reformation: Protestants encouraged to read scriptures regularly

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15
Q

Rise of Mass Schooling: Factors

A

iii. Spread of democracy: free education for all

iv. Industrialization: Mass education necessity for creating industrial economy

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16
Q

Functions of Education: Manifest (intended functions)

A

i. Homogenize indoctrination into common culture
Gellner: mass education basis for modern nationalism humanity divided into pops defined by common culture, territory + continuity within kin group
•Common language

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17
Q

Functions of Education: Manifest (intended functions)

A 
imagined communities—sentiments of solidarity + identification with those who share cultural capacities
ii. Sort and steer students to different class positions as adults: Sorting ppl into diff jobs + opportunities
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18
Q

Functions of Education: Latent (or unintended) functions

A

i. Create youth culture: spend lots of time with ppl around same age
ii. Create marriage market: assortative mating—mate similar on various ranking criteria

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19
Q

Functions of Education: Latent (or unintended) functions

A

iii. Create custodial + surveillance system for children
iv. maintaining wage levels by keeping postsecondary students temporarily out of job market
•We have to raise the bar: we can’t have 10000 doctors

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20
Q

Functions of Education: Latent (or unintended) functions

A

v. “school of dissent” that opposes authorities

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21
Q

Sorting into Classes and Hierarchies: Conflict Perspectives

A

i. Economic barriers: ability to pay

ii. require academic credentials effective at excluding less advantaged from privileged professions

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22
Q

Sorting into Classes and Hierarchies: Conflict Perspectives

A

iii. Schooling reproduces differences in cultural capital + preserves class differences

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23
Q

Economic Barriers to Higher Education

A
  • Almost no postsecondary education system is able to admit only the qualified and to supply all who do qualify with funding to meet all expenses
  • Social class origin strongly affects how much education people attain
24
Q

Economic Barriers to Higher Education

A

•higher education in Canada requires students + their families to shoulder significant financial burdens, including rising tuition fees, residence fees, etc.

25
Q

Economic Barriers to Higher Education

A
  • In many cases 3, 4, 5 years of debt
  • Real cost with uni + compounding
  • We have a vision that everyone has a fair shot: for some ppl it’s more manageable when financial side is less of a concern
26
Q

SELECTION

A
  • structured in a stratified manner
  • diff backgrounds have unequal rates of success
  • Exposes ppl to same curriculum + lots ppl directed to higher education
  • Sponsored: identify + nurture few youth
27
Q

SELECTION

A
  • Diff jobs based on what they did in school
  • Naturalizes high status + low status
  • Most parents expect children to receive postsecondary education
  • Aspirations can be good + expectations can be constraining
28
Q

Tracking

A

assignment of students to specific courses + educational programs based on their test scores, previous grades
•Extra attention, work, aspiration, support early on leads to better result, higher ceiling

29
Q

Social Inequality

A

Race, class, language, gender + other social categories may determine placement ofchildren in elementary tracking systems, than their actual academic abilities and interests.

30
Q

SELECTION

A

•more youth enter higher education, competition shifts to higher levels, making stratification within universities + colleges increasingly important

31
Q

Higher education: stratification

A
  • Ranking betw uni, not as much, attracts best + brightest, employers look to specific school
  • Selectivity of institution (best reputation offer graduates access to elite jobs, higher wages, contacts)
  • More demand for certain fields who have higher status, they can raise the bar
  • Field of study (differs in prestige, selectivity, access to resources + payoffs for graduates)
32
Q

SELECTION: Inequality among Students

A
  • schools reduce learning gaps along socioeconomic lines
  • gaps widen in summer when students are not in school
  • progressive institutions that offer opportunities for all youth, limited in their power to eliminate inequalities
33
Q

SELECTION: Inequality among Students

A
  • Affluent children more advantages + fare better in school •More ppl in uni making more than 50,000
  • Less aboriginals
  • Students from families with no portsecondary only ¼ of them go to uni
  • More immigrants going to uni
34
Q

Process of Reproducing Inequality: Contribution of Symbolic Interactionism

A
  • Hidden curriculum: messages already been communicated to you
  • Pedigodigal violence: clash betw values, message, expectations of school + home, imposing of particular set of norms
35
Q

Process of Reproducing Inequality: Contribution of Symbolic Interactionism

A
  • teaches obedience to authority + conformity to cultural norms + influences content of classroom lessons
  • Staying in school requires accepting terms of the hidden curriculum
36
Q

Self-Fulfilling Prophecies

A

expectation that helps to cause what it predicts

37
Q

Self-Fulfilling Prophecies

A

teachers may suspect disadvantaged students + minority intellectually inferior
•Treat + give more attention to good students which have high impact
•Impact on grade, achievement + attainment

38
Q

Self-Fulfilling Prophecies

A

students may come to feel rejected by teachers, other classmates + curriculum
minority disadvantaged by overt racism + discrimination

39
Q

HOW SCHOOLS CONNECT TO SOCIETY

A
  • selection: broader patterns of social inequality
  • socialization
  • social organization: affect how we learn + define types of occupations
  • Gives us particular skills, makes us interested in fields, trains us
40
Q

Elementary School Enrolments per 1000 Children Aged 5–14 for Various Countries, 1870–1930

A
  • gov made education priority
  • 50 year course
  • some countries started late
  • some started a lot
41
Q

Canadian Numbers

A
  • Canada has over 16 000 elementary and secondary schools employing nearly 276 000 teachers, who educate 5.3 million children and have an enrolment rate of about 95%.
  • In 2008–9, university enrolment stood at 1.11 million.
  • 49% of people between the ages of 25 and 64 have a college or university degree (highest in the world).
  • education system, opportunities, result on the whole does very well
42
Q

Mass Schooling and National Wealth

A
  • investment in education is important step in achieving national wealth
  • Expensive: Education not only source of wealth; also product of wealth
  • Accelerates development of country
  • Spread of tech
  • Increases efficiency
43
Q

Conflict Perspective

A

• Most sociologists find conflict perspective on education more credible than functionalist one
In their view, benefits of education are unequally distributed and tend to favor reproduction of existing stratification system

44
Q

Conflict Perspective

A

ensuring children will continue in class similar to parents
•Important mechanism for social mobility
•Ability to go up ladder is not equally distributed
•Strong correlation betw educational background of parents + children
•Meritocracy not possible

45
Q

Sponsored mobility

A
  • Selects few youth early in their lives to enter elite universities
  • highly structured streaming to restrict access to higher education
46
Q

Contest mobility

A
  • educational competition groups bulk of youth into same school, expose same curriculum, relatively large numbers directed to higher education (found in Canada)
  • Promotes more competition within a unitary structure
47
Q

SELECTION: Inequality among Students

A
  • Educational attainment for youth from all class backgrounds has steadily risen over past half century
  • Yet student success is consistently related to socioeconomic background
48
Q

SELECTION: Inequality among Students

A
  • More women than men now attend university + have surpassed men on most measures of education attainment
  • young members of visible minorities exceed young whites in attainment of university degrees
49
Q

Rates of Participation in Postsecondary Education by Highest Level of Parental Education
for Canadians Ages 24–26, 2007

A
  • Parental stronger relationship than class/race
  • Something about that family has been there
  • Some of those skills/knowledge passed on outside confines of school
50
Q

Cultural Capital

A

Bourdieu: education central to creation + transmission of cultural capital—learning + skills that ensure superior positions in productive activity
Cultural capital is scarce, valuable, expensive + difficult to acquire

51
Q

Cultural Capital

A

involves discipline/pedagogic violence—teachers punish to discourage deviation from the dominant culture
•If messages, priorites, values aligned at home, with friends, at school then more likely to do well

52
Q

Credentialism and Professionalization

A

Education means of social exclusion—setting up boundary so that certain social opportunities + positions are restricted to members of one group

53
Q

Credentialism and Professionalization

A

enhanced by credential inflation: takes increasingly more certificates/degrees to qualify for a particular job

54
Q

Credentialism and Professionalization

A

professionalization: members of occupation insist ppl earn certain credentials to enter occupation

55
Q

Sociology of Education

A
  • Lots of reforms in educational field
  • Always striving for diff outcome
  • Alternative forms, decentralized, progressive forms of learning
  • Boys drop out more
56
Q

Flynn effect

A

average IQ increase over time on every major test, in every age range + in every industrialized country

SOC100 (20 decks)

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