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Flashcards in early fascism Deck (24)
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1
Q

what was fascist vision in 1919?

A
  • united Italy led by ex-servicemen of WW1
  • Nationalism is key
  • pol, eco and soc stable and united country
2
Q

what was fascist vision in 1921?

A
  • Nationalism is key

- pol, eco and soc stable and united country

3
Q

what was fascist ideology regarding economy in 1919?

A
  • 8 hour working day and minimum wage
  • nationalise armaments factories
  • revision of all contracts for military provisions and seizure of 85% of profits
4
Q

what was fascist ideology regarding military affairs in 1919?

A
  • creation of a short service militia with defensive responsibilities only
  • peaceful foreign policy
5
Q

what was fascist ideology regarding social issues in 1919?

A
  • anticlerical. confiscation of church property
  • create a republic and remove noble titles
  • seizure of religious ceremonies’ possessions
6
Q

what was fascist ideology regarding economy in 1921?

A
  • fascist unions replace current ones
  • no mention of minimum wage
  • nationally owned businesses sold to private investors
  • proportional taxation system
  • less progressive system not as focused on wealth
  • ANTI-SOCIALIST
7
Q

what was fascist ideology regarding military affairs in 1921?

A
  • compulsory military service
  • raise Italy to the status of a great power
  • focus on training future soldiers in schools
8
Q

what was fascist ideology regarding social affairs in 1921?

A
  • no mention of removing noble titles or abolishing the monarchy
  • no attacks on catholic church or pope
9
Q

How did Mussolini’s political expediency change fascist ideology?

A
  • dual policy
  • pact of pacification
  • create a sense of legitimacy for the PNF
10
Q

How did failure in the 1919 election change fascist ideology?

A
  • forces them to change their policies

- socialists paraded Mussolini’s coffin around Milan –> humiliating

11
Q

How did need for catholic support change fascist ideology?

A
  • by 1921 the Catholics were not willing to work with the liberals (issues over divorce and the roman question)
  • could use catholic support to gain stable power
12
Q

How did exploiting fear of socialism change fascist ideology?

A
  • Bienno Rosso strikes turns industrialists off socialism

- By 1920 landowners are also worried about socialism

13
Q

How did Salandra help Mussolini become PM?

A
  • encouraged king not to declare a state of emergency
  • accepted M’s offer of a coalition
  • asked M to be a part of his government
  • suggested M be PM instead of his liberal rivals
14
Q

How did Facta help Mussolini become PM?

A
  • failed to act against fascists before the takeover of major towns and cities
  • resigned, leaving post for PM open
  • weak, so king had no faith in him
  • accepted M’s promise of a coalition
15
Q

How did Orlando help Mussolini become PM?

A
  • accepts M’s promise of a coalition
  • called for a coaltion including fascists
  • suggested M be PM instead of his liberal rivals
16
Q

How did Giolitti help Mussolini become PM?

A
  • refuses to help Facta when he becomes PM himself

- more concerned with stopping rivals than M

17
Q

How did King Victor Emmanuel III help Mussolini become PM?

A
  • lacks the confidence to arrest Mussolini
  • easily persuaded (afraid of a civil war)
  • backs out of declaring a state of emergency
  • sucking up to fascists so Duke of Acosta doesn’t replace him
18
Q

Role of Mussolini in the growth of fascism

A
  • changes fascist policy (PNF formed 1921)
  • dual policy (new programme 1921)
  • -> August 1921 pact of pacification
  • myth that fascists saved Italy from socialism
  • march on Rome shows confidence
19
Q

Role of the weak liberal state in the growth of fascism

A
  • 4 prime ministers 1919-1922
  • failure to deal with fascist violence or socialist strikes
  • don’t solve economic issues or mutilated victory
  • Fiume
  • 1919 election. Liberals do badly. Unstable coalition
20
Q

Role of WW1 in the growth of fascism

A
  • divided country in to neutralists and interventionists
  • trincerocrazia and culture of violence among returning soldiers
  • economic crisis. 2m unemployed in 1919
  • highlights failures of liberal state
  • Arditi and Trinceristi
21
Q

who were the arditi?

A

black uniforms

formed after Caporetto

22
Q

who were the trinceristi?

A

returned soldiers with the strength to destroy the liberal state

23
Q

Role of fascist violence in the growth of fascism

A
  • myth that they saved Italy from a socialist revolution
  • -> army and police more scared of left so tolerate it
  • showed Italy to be on verge of civil war
  • M could blackmail king and gov
  • by 1921 fascist squads control Emilia and Tuscany
  • liberals don’t stop squadristi burning down Avanti!
24
Q

Role of the left in the growth of fascism

A
  • had 26/69 provinces by 1920
  • Bienno Rosso strikes. Look like internal enemy
  • -> Giolitti looks weak
  • split in to PCI and PSI
  • failed strike in 1922