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Ancient & Medieval World Cultures > Early Civilization > Flashcards

Early Civilization Flashcards

1
Q

The most significant changer in all of human history was the domestication of_________.

What thesis is founded on this idea?

A

Plants and Animals

Diamond Thesis

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2
Q

Using an approach called “periodization” the various human eras have been defined as

A

Stone Age
Bronze Age
Iron Age

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3
Q

The stone age is divided into how many eras? What are they?

A

2

Paleolithic
Neolithic

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4
Q

The Paleolithic Era existed when and was characterized by____?

A

250,000 - 9000 BCE

humans used tools of stone and wood and gathered their food

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5
Q

When did the Neolithic period begin? What started it?

A

9000 BCE.

The beginning of agriculture and the domestication of plants and animals

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6
Q

Around 5 - 7 million years ago some Hominids in East Africa began to walk_____, which is usually referred to as ___________

A

upright, bipedalism

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7
Q

Homo habilis started making simple stone________

A

axes/tools.

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8
Q

Homo erectus had a larger brain and migrated out of the continent of

A

Africa

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9
Q

Homo sapiens had a even larger brains and developed spoken _________.

A

language

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10
Q

By 25,000 years ago Homo sapiens were making baskets and 17,000 years ago they used bows and ________ to launch arrows.

A

atlatls

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11
Q

In Europe a group of Homo Erectus known as __________ existed 150,000 years ago and probably died out after interacting and breeding with Homo Sapiens

A

Neanderthals

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12
Q

In the later Paleolithic, people in many parts of the world created _______ and ________, and developed ________ ideas

A

art and music, religeous

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13
Q

Paleolithic society were considered___________ (how did they obtain their food?)

A

Hunter/Gatherers

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14
Q

Foraging societies featured a division of __________ and their diets contrasted sharply with the way we eat today. Their diets were low in _____ and ______, high in ________ and rich in ______ and _________.

A

labor
fat and salt
fiber
vitamins and minerals

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15
Q

Paleolithic people thought of their world as existing beyond the visible - “People, animals, plants, natural occurrences, and other things around them had spirits, and idea called ___________. In these societies spiritually adept men and women were called ________, who had the ability to communicate with the unseen world.

A

animism

shamans

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16
Q

Around 9,000 BCE, a gradual shift from foraging to raising crops and animals developed into “the most important change in human history,” the _______________. This marked the transition from the _________ to the _________.

A

Agricultural Revolution
Paleolithic
Neolithic

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17
Q

Through human intervention, certain crops became_______, modified by selected breeding.

A

domesticated

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18
Q

Crop raising with hand tools and human power is known as ____________.

A

Horticulture

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19
Q

intentional crop planting developed first in an area called the __________.

A

Fertile Crescent

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20
Q

A recent archaeological find at Gobekli Tepe in present-day Turkey suggests that __________ factors may have played a role in the development of agriculture. It is very near hear that the oldest domesticated _________ was discovered.

A

cultural

wheat

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21
Q

Within several centuries of initial crop planting, people in the _________, parts of _________, and the __________ Valley were relying on domesticated food products alone. They were building permanent houses in villages and had invented new ways of storing food such as _______ made from _________.

A

Fertile Crescent,
China
Nile

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22
Q

New crops were domesticated such as _______ in southern Mexico, ________ and Quinoa in the Andes, squash and ________ in eastern North America.

A

Corn
Potatoes
beans

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23
Q

At roughly the same3 time as the domestication of plants, people also domesticated _________ and an economic system based on herding flocks of animals emerged and is referred to as _____________.

A

animals

pastoralism

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24
Q

Human interaction with domesticated animals allowed the development of resistance to many diseases, which is one of the main contentions of the _______________.

A

Diamond Thesis

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25
Q

Sometime around the 5th millennium BCE, pot-makers in Mesopotamia developed a potter’s wheel, which was later adapted for use on carts and _________ pulled by animals.

A

plows

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26
Q

What was life like for the creatures as portrayed in the opening minutes of the movie?

A

Primitive, fight for survival, survival of the fittest - eating roots and grass

27
Q

An object appears in their camp one day. What do you think this object represents?

A

Intelligence - more to the world

28
Q

How is life different for these creatures after they have had contact with “the object”?

A

Bones could be used as weapons. Discovered first tools. Learned how to survive better since they changed their diet.

29
Q

Which elements of “human nature” are displayed by the creatures after they have had contact with “the Object”.

A

Technology - tables have turned - vengeance against the predators - started walking upright.

30
Q

Jared Diamond has spent thirty years investigating why the world became so __________.

A

Unequal

31
Q

A New Guinean name Yali once asked Diamond “why you white men have so much __________ and we New Guineans have so little?”

A

Cargo

32
Q

Western colonials typically believed that power was determined by _______. Can you think of an example of how this type of thinking was used by Europeans and Americans?

A

race

Holocaust and Slavery

33
Q

Diamond claims that any explanation based on race is __________ because human intelligence is the same all over the globe.

A

absurd

34
Q

All great civilizations have at least three things in common:

A

1) advanced technology
2) large populations
3) organized laborforce

35
Q

13,000 years ago the last _______ age was over. Humans around the world lived as __________/__________ in small mobile groups. This way of life is still prevalent in parts of New guinea.

A

Ice

Hunter/Gatherer

36
Q

In the ancient Middle East two cereal grasses grew wild, ______ & ________.

A

barley and wheat.

37
Q

The most recent archaeology suggests that a place known as ______,near the Dead Sea was one of the earliest villages in the world - it existed ______years ago.

A

Dhra

11,500

38
Q

The world’s first ______ was found in Dhar which was evidence that humans had begun growing and ________ their own food.

A

granary

storing

39
Q

Stone Age people of the Middle East were becoming _______ they were beginning to control _________. This was the first _____ of crops

A

farmers
nature
domestication

40
Q

In China, ______ was the main crop.

A

Rice

41
Q

Native Americans grew _______, ________ and _________

A

corn, squash and beans

42
Q

Diamond argues that New Guineans failed to advance because they lacked ____________ crops.

A

productive

43
Q

Those people with access to the most productive crops became the most productive farmers - it came down to _______ luck.

A

geographic

44
Q

Diamond is arguing that the inequalities of the world were born from the ______ we eat. For example, Americans have wheat which provides _____ of the calories they eat.

A

crops

1/5

45
Q

_______ domestication created a dependable meat and milk supply, as well as a source of power once the ______ was invented

A

Animal

Plow

46
Q

Diamond point out that the number of animals that have actually been domesticated is small, ______ out of 148 possibilities, and _____ of these were native to the Middle East, which became the ______ ______ because it had the best crops and animals.

A

14
4
Fertile Crescent

47
Q

A site in Southern Jordan tells us that ______years ago people were living in and decorating their homes

A

9,000

48
Q

Production of a surplus of food meant that _______ could emerge in the community. As an example, people learned to work with ________ to produce plaster.

A

specialization, limestone

49
Q

In New Guinea, specialization did not occur because

A

their agriculture was not such that they could produce a surplus of food.

50
Q

Despite the advantages, the people of the Fertile Crescent ______ most villages around _______ years after their emergence. They did this because__________. However, the knowledge of the Middle East was transferred along the ________ axis of Eurasia.

A

abandoned
1000
destroyed their environment
east/west

51
Q

The fact that Diamond won a __________ indicates that his ideas are taken seriously by the scholarly community. According to Diamond, the reason some cultures are so far advanced beyond other is ___________.

A

Pulitzer Prize

location, location, location

52
Q

An agriculture revolution got started in an area known as the _________, around __________ years ago, and soon after it appeared in the country of _________.

A

Fertile Crescent
11,500
China

53
Q

Diamond argues that technological advances spread much easier from _____ to _______ than they do from _______ to _______ because latitude plays a major role. This explains why the agricultural revolution spread from the Fertile Crescent to the continent of _______, and then ton to ___________.

A

East, West
North, South
Europe
North America

54
Q

Western Europeans developed such a technological advantage over the indigenous people of North and South American continents. At one point, 169 _________ defeated 80,000 _________ in a short period of time.

A

Spaniards

Inca

55
Q

It is estimated that _______% of Native american casualties resulted from disease. Eurasians had developed __________ to many disease because they had a long history of contact with _________ __________

A

95, disease

immunities, domestic animals

56
Q

Even though it is believed that humans first appeared on the continent of _________, colonialism worked to rob it of its resources as it established a “_____________”

A

Africa

legalized institution of corruption

57
Q

Why does Diamond reject the notion that his theory is a version of geographic/environmental determinism?

A

His example is that people can make the decision to do something about their adverse situation that is holding them back (i.e. disease in Singapore, Malaysia & Taiwan) and don’t need to accept those adversities presented by their geographic location and environment.

58
Q

What are some objections to Diamonds theisi.

A

1) Some scholars diagree with the premise itsel and claim that history developed the same way everywhere following the exact same pattern in every place on Earth.
2) Diamond is too quick to dispose of the human brain.

59
Q

Origins of the human race can be traced back to the continent of______?

A

Africa

60
Q

People in the Fertile crescent started storing their food in ________ made from ________.

A

pottery, clay

61
Q

In the 16th century Europeans took their crops and animals to the Americas. At that time there was not a single _ or ear of ____.

A

cow, wheat

62
Q

Now there are ___ million cattle in the US and Americans consume _____ million tons of wheat each year. In exchange, _ and ______ were introduced to Europe.

A

100, 20, corn potato

63
Q

Why was the farming the key step toward technological advancement?

A

It allowed people to produce a surplus of food which allowed other people in the community to become specialized in other areas. Some of these areas were tool making and production of building materials.

Ancient & Medieval World Cultures (17 decks)

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