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Pharmacology and the Nursing Process > DRUGS AND HOW THEY WORK > Flashcards

DRUGS AND HOW THEY WORK Flashcards

1
Q

opioids action

A

-blocking receptors in the CNS, when those receptors are blocked, the perception of pain is blocked

-Bind to receptors in the spinal cord, thus blocking the release of neurotransmitters involved in pain transmission.
Suppress the Central Nervous System

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2
Q

opioids rationales for use

A

Used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain.

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3
Q

opioids prototype

A 
morphine –
meperidine(Demerol)
codeine
hydromorphone(Dilaudid) –
fentanyl(Duragesic)
oxycodone(+ acetaminophen = Percocet)
Hydrocodone(+acetaminophen= Vicodin)
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4
Q

opioids therapeutic effects

A

alleviate moderate to severe pain, reduce cough, relieve diarrhea and induce anesthesia

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5
Q

opioids adverse effects

A 
CNS depression
◦Respiratory depression
◦Disorientation
◦Sedation
Constipation
Nausea and vomiting
Pruritis (itching)
Urinary retention
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6
Q

opioids assessments before giving

A 
Allergies
Alcohol use
Pain level
Level of consciousness
Vital signs
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7
Q

opioids teaching

A

For patients on long term opioids, instruct on ways to counteract the side effects of constipation

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8
Q

opioids successful outcomes

A

Patient will report decreased or no pain

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9
Q

acetaminophen action

A

causes pain impulses to be blocked peripherally, in response to the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.

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10
Q

acetaminophen rationales for use

A

To lower temperature (fever) and to relieve mild to moderate pain

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11
Q

acetaminophen prototype

A

abenol ,acephen, APAP, aspirin free anionic, cetafen, feverall, infantaire, little fevers, mapap, nortemp children, ofirmev, pain eze, silapap, silapap, silapap infants, tylenol, valorin

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12
Q

acetaminophen therapeutic effects

A

analgesia, antipyresis

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13
Q

acetaminophen adverse effects

A

Liver toxicity with an over dosage or frequent ingestion of large amounts over time

  • rash
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • blood disorders or dycrasias (anemias)
  • hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicities
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14
Q

acetaminophen assessment before giving

A
  • overall health status
  • alcohol usage
  • self-medication: amt, frequency and type of drugs taken (esp with OTC drugs)
  • assess type, location and intensity of pain
  • assess fever, not signs of: diaphoresis, tachycardia, and malaise
  • elvatuate hapatic, hematologic and renal function
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15
Q

acetaminophen teaching

A
  • Don’t take with alcohol

- Follow the package dosaging instructions

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16
Q

acetaminophen successful outcomes

A
  • relief to mild to moderate pain

- reduction of fever

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17
Q

aspirin action

A

Inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins

18
Q

aspirin rationales for use

A

for the treatment of mild to moderate pain, fever, or inflammation; also as prevention for strokes and heart attacks

19
Q

aspirin prototype

A

ascriptin, aspercin, aspergum, aspirtab, bayer aspirin, bufferin, easprin, ecotrin, genacote, halfprin, healthprin, ZORprin

20
Q

aspirin therapeutic effects

A

analgesia. reduction in inflammation. reduction of fever.prevention for strokes and heart attacks
- antipyretic
- non-opioid analgesics

21
Q

aspirin adverse effects

A
  • bleeding tendencies
  • gastrointestinal irritation
  • Renal side effects
22
Q

aspirin assessment before giving

A
  • check for allergies
  • assess for pain
  • monitor hepatic function
23
Q

aspirin teaching

A
  • Instruct patients to take aspirin with milk or food.
  • Stress importance of following the prescription label instructions
  • Monitor for GI symptoms or signs of bleeding
  • No aspirin for children under the age of 18 due to the risk of Reye’s syndrome
24
Q

aspirin successful outcomes

A
  • relief of mild to moderate discomfort
  • increased ease of joint movement
  • reduction of fever
  • prevention of transient ischemic attacks
  • prevention of MI
25
Q

muscle relaxants action

A

reduction of muscle spasm

26
Q

muscle relaxants rationale for use

A

relief of painful musculoskeletal conditions such as muscle spasm

27
Q

muscle relaxants prototype

A 
baclofen (lioresal)
cyclobenzaprine (flexeril)
carisoprodol (soma)
chlorzoxazone (paraflex)
metaxalone (skelaxin)
methocarbamol (robaxin)
tizanidine (zanaflex)
28
Q

muscle relaxants therapeutic effects

A

skeletal muscle relaxants( centrally acting)

29
Q

muscle relaxants adverse effects

A

euphoria, lightheadedness, dizziness, drowsiness, fatigue, confusion, and muscle weakness

less common: GI upset, headache, slurred speech, muscle stiffness, constipation, sexual difficulties in males, hypotension, tachycardia and weight gain

30
Q

muscle relaxants assessment before giving

A
  • complaints of insomnia
  • time it takes to fall asleep and energy level when they wake up
  • difficulties sleeping
  • vital sign (BP)- both supine and standing measurements
  • pulse rate and rhythm
  • presence of pain
  • head to toe assessment
  • use of alcohol
  • smoking history
  • past and current use of meds
  • changes in health status
  • level of orientation
  • mood changes
  • depression or other mental disorders
31
Q

muscle relaxants teaching

A
  • keep drugs out of reach from children
  • always check with the prescriber or pharmacists before taking any over-the-counter medication
  • take med as prescribed
  • avoid driving or any activity that involves mental alertness
  • do not abruptly discontinue or withdraw these medication
  • hangover effects may occur
  • avoid smoking in bed or when lounging
  • teach about drug/drug and drug/food interaction
  • effect of grapefruit or grapefruit juice on benzodiazepines
32
Q

muscle relaxants successful outcomes

A
  • decrease spasticity
  • reduction of choreiform movements in Huntington’s chorea
  • decrease rigidity in parkinsonian syndrome
  • relief of pain from trigeminal neuralgia
33
Q

NSAIDS action

A
  • Block formation of prostaglandins
  • Suppress the hypothalamus
  • Reduce platelet aggregation and tissue permeability
  • All leading to their anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects
34
Q

NSAIDS rationales for use

A

have analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic (anti-fever) activity, used for mild to moderate pain, headaches , fever and inflammatory disorders like arthritis

35
Q

NSAIDS prototype

A
  • ibuprofen (Motrin)
  • naproxen (Naprosyn)
  • ketorolac(Toradol) -Only NSAID that can be given parenterally
  • Cox –2 inhibitors:
  • celecoxib(Celebrex
36
Q

NSAIDS therapeutic effects

A

Mild to moderate pain, headaches
Fever
Inflammatory disorders like arthritis (rheumatoid, juvenile and osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis)
treatment of gout and hyperuricemia

37
Q

NSAIDS adverse effects

A
  • bleeding tendencies
  • gastrointestinal irritation
  • Renal side effects
38
Q

NSAIDS assessments before giving

A

perform a head-to-assessment
measure vitals
take med history
check lab results reflecting hematologic, renal and hepatic functioning

39
Q

NSAIDS teaching

A

Instruct patients to take these medications with milk or food.
Assess for GI complaints and for bleeding symptoms.
Don’t takewith aspirin
Tell physician that they are taking this type of medication.
Follow the label instructions and don’t exceed the daily dosage

40
Q

NSAIDS successful outcomes

A

decrease in acute pain, decrease in swelling, pain, stiffness, and tenderness of joint or muscle area; improved ability to perform ADLs; improve muscle grip and strength, reduction in fever; return to normal lavatory values for CBC and sedimentation rate; and return to a less inflamed state as evidenced by improved sedimentation rates, radiographic examination, computed tomographic scan or magnetic resonance imaging.

Pharmacology and the Nursing Process (20 decks)

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