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Human disease and therapeutics 2020 > Drug development lecture 2 FINAL > Flashcards

Drug development lecture 2 FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

What does DSHEA regulate?

A

-Herbal dietary supplements

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2
Q

What are herbal dietary supplements defined as?

A

-Taken by mouth and contains a “dietary” ingredient to supplement diet

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3
Q

What may include dietary supplements?

A
  • Vitamins
  • Minerals
  • Herbs
  • Botanical
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4
Q

Can herbal products be promoted to diagnose, cure, or prevent disease?

A

-No

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5
Q

What is Thalidomide?

A
  • Anti-nausea/morning sickness medication
  • Teratogenic
  • Causes Phocomelia
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6
Q

What is Diethylstilbesterol?

A
  • Non-steroidal synthetic estrogen

- Caused cervical cancer in the infant of a women who took this during pregnancy making it teratogenic

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7
Q

What is a category A drug?

A

-Safe in humans and animals

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8
Q

What are two types of decongestants?

A
  • vasoconstrictors

- Sympathomimetics

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9
Q

What drugs are used for decongestants?

A
  • Oxymetazoline (nasal sprays)
  • Pehnylephrine
  • Pseudophedrine (restricted sales)
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10
Q

Is systemic or topical decongestants faster?

A

-Topical

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11
Q

What are the side effects of systemic decongestants?

A

-Increase Blood Pressure

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12
Q

Is systemic or topical decongestants more likely to cause dependence tolerance?

A

-Topical because of the rapid relief that can cause rebound congestion

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13
Q

Rhinorrhea correlates with what?

A

-Runny nose

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14
Q

Do antihistamines do much for colds?

A

-No they are usually for allergies but you could maybe get a little effect because of the anticholinergic effect

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15
Q

What is the Side effect of Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)?

A

-Drowsiness

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16
Q

What are three antihistamines used to treat allergies?

A
  • Diphenhydramine
  • Chlorpheniramine (chlor-trimeton)
  • Loratidine (claritin)
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17
Q

What is a non-productive cough?

A
  • Not moving mucous

- Dry cough

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18
Q

What is a productive cough?

A

-Moving mucous

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19
Q

What do you use to treat non-productive coughs?

A

-Antitussives

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20
Q

What are three examples of drugs that have antitussive effects?

A
  • Codeine
  • Diphenhydramine
  • Dextromethorphan (robotussin DM)
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21
Q

What is the danger of treating productive coughs?

A

-Can cause pneumonia because you can’t clear out the mucous

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22
Q

What do expectorants do?

A

-Increase the productive cough

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23
Q

What is an example of expectorant drug?

A

-Guaifenesin (mucinex)

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24
Q

What are demulcents?

A

-Cough drops/syrupy products that coat the throat to reduce irritation

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25
Q

What does water/humidification do for a cough?

A

-Decrease viscosity of respiratory secretions

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26
Q

What is Tamiflu (oseltamivir) and Relenza (Anamivir)?

A
  • Antivirals

- Not OTC

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27
Q

What is abreva (Docosanol) used for?

A
  • Treat cold sores (herpes)

- Antiviral

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28
Q

What are analgesics that are OTC?

A
  • Aspirin
  • Acetaminophen
  • Ibuprofen
  • Naproxen
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29
Q

What is phenol?

A

-Oral anesthetic

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30
Q

What is Xanthine?

A

-Adenosine antagonist (stimulant)

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31
Q

What are some examples of Xanthines?

A
  • Caffeine
  • Theophilline
  • Theobromine (found in chocolate)
32
Q

What does Xanthine do to the CVS?

A

-Increased HR

33
Q

What does Xanthine do to the GI system?

A

-Stimulates gastric secretion

34
Q

T/F You get some constriction of cerebral vessels with Xanthine

A

True

35
Q

What does Xanthine do to the kidneys?

A
  • Mild Diuretic

- Decrease bloating associated with menstruation

36
Q

What are three ways to get nicotine to treat tobacco dependence?

A
  • Patches
  • Lozenges
  • Gum
37
Q

What are the Side effects of nicotine?

A
  • Dizziness
  • Headaches
  • Nausea
38
Q

Are there any OTC sedatives?

A

-No

39
Q

What are some OTC sleep-aids (depressants)?

A
  • Diphenhydramine (Sominex) - dramamine; antihistamine

- Doxylamine (Unisom) - antihistamine

40
Q

What are some OTC antifungals?

A

-Miconazole (monistat, Lotrimin)

41
Q

What do you use Miconazole to treat?

A
  • Vaginal infections

- Thrush

42
Q

What are the OTC antibiotics?

A
  • Polysporin

- Neosporin

43
Q

What is Neosporin/polysporin used for?

A
  • First aid

- Preventive on minor abrasions

44
Q

What is Hydrocortisone used for?

A
  • Anti-inflammatory
  • Anti-itching
  • Dermal lesions
  • Eczema
  • Insect bites
  • Poison ivy
45
Q

What is Capsaicin used for? what is the mechanism?

A
  • Pain relief
  • Topical ointment
  • activates TRPV channels to deplete substance P
46
Q

What is Scopolamine?

A
  • Anticholinergic

- Used to treat motion sickness

47
Q

What is Dimenhydrinate?

A
  • Anticholinergic

- Used to treat motion sickness

48
Q

What are the Side effects of Dimenhydrinate (Dramamine)?

A
  • Dry mouth
  • Constipation
  • Difficutly
  • Blurred vision
  • Reduced urinating
49
Q

What is minoxidil used for?

A

-Hair growth (rogaine)

50
Q

What are the side effects of Minoxidil?

A
  • Causes rapid heart beats

- Vasodilator

51
Q

What do you use to treat hemorrhoids?

A

-Phenyleprhine that causes vasoconstriction

52
Q

What is Aloe Vera used for?

A
  • Topically used to heal wounds and burns

- can also treat constipation (laxative)

53
Q

What are the side effects of Aloe Vera?

A
  • strong laxative that can cause diarrhea and cramps if taken orally
  • Can lower blood sugar if taken orally
54
Q

What is Cranberry used for?

A

-Used to prevent UTIs

55
Q

What is Echinacea used for?

A
  • Treat colds

- this is controversial

56
Q

What is St. Johns Wort used for?

A

-To treat depression

57
Q

What is Ephedra? what is it used for?

A
  • Sympathomimetic that contains ephedrine

- Used for anorexia and stimulant effects, and as a decongestant

58
Q

What does Garlic do?

A
  • Slowly lowers cholesterol (minor effect)

- Some thinning of blood

59
Q

What is Ginko used for?

A
  • Promoted to improve memory

- Can increase bleeding risk

60
Q

what is Ginseng used for?

A
  • boost immune system

- may lower blood sugar

61
Q

the FDA required the removal of ___ from most OTC products, although it is still occasionally seen in herbal preparations or antihistamine (behind the counter) medications

A

-ephedra

62
Q

once an herbal product is marketed, what is the FDA responsible for?

A

-assuring that the dietary supplement is safe

63
Q

what is the mechanism for congestion?

A
  • inflammation causes vasodilation
  • fluid leaks through small vessel walls
  • tissue swells causing blockage of air passages
  • use vasoconstrictors and sympathomimetics to treat
64
Q

are systemic decongestants long or short acting?

A

-longer acting, but less effective than topical

65
Q

are topical decongestants long or short acting?

A

-shorter acting, but more effective than systemic decongestants

66
Q

decongestants should be avoided in people with ___ problems

A

CVS

67
Q

what is the theory behind rhinorrhea (runny nose)?

A

-it is a protective function

68
Q

what is the issue with using drying agents to treat rhinorrhea?

A
  • they are used for convenience

- may prolong infection by diminishing cleansing action of secretions

69
Q

does loratidine (claritine) cause more or less drowsiness than diphenhydramine?

A

less

70
Q

what is the intended mechanism of guaifenesin (mucinex) as an expectorant?

A
  • intended to reduce viscosity to promote more a more productive cough
  • effectiveness is questionable
71
Q

what makes antivirals more effective for colds and how?

A
  • more helpful if taken early in infection

- shortens infection by 1-2 days

72
Q

what is zinc designed to treat? is it effective? what are the side effects?

A
  • killing cold viruses, but is of little benefit

- can cause dry mouth and altered smell

73
Q

what is phenol (chloraseptic) used for, and who is it contraindicated in?

A
  • oral anesthetic/analgesic with topical anesthetic action

- contraindicated if allergic to anesthetics

74
Q

what is vivarin?

A

-xanthine stimulant that diminishes fatigue and sleepiness

75
Q

what is pamabrom (8-bromotheophylline)?

A

-xanthine product used to treat bloating related menstruation

Human disease and therapeutics 2020 (60 decks)

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