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pathology > Disturbances in Circulation > Flashcards

Disturbances in Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

To and from capillaries of the lungs. It brings deoxygenated blood to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood to the heart.

A

Pulmonary circulation

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2
Q

To and from the capillaries of the tissues of the body. It brings oxygenated blood to the tissues, and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart.

A

Systemic Circulation

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3
Q

Related to cardiovascular and lymphatic systems.

  • Edema
  • Hyperemia
  • Ischemia, hypoxia and infarction
  • Thrombosis and embolism
  • Hemorrhage and shock
  • Gangrene
  • Dehydration and plethora
A

Circulatory disturbances

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4
Q

Abnormal accumulation of fluids in tissues or body cavities due to shift of fluid from vascular space into another compartment.

A

Edema (dropsy)

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5
Q
  • Increased permeability of capillary walls (due to histamine, allergies, inflammation)
  • Increased capillary blood pressure due to venous obstruction, heart failure, or nephritis (kidney disease)
  • Inflammatory conditions
  • Low blood plasma osmotic pressure (due to nutrition)
  • Fluid and electrolyte imbalance
A

Etiology of Edema

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6
Q

Generalized massive (severe) edema in subcutaneous tissue (accumulation of serous fluid in body cavities).

A

Anasarca

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7
Q

Fluid in abdominal (peritoneal) cavity.

A

Ascites

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8
Q

Fluid in the thoracic (pleural) cavity.

A

Hydrothorax

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9
Q

Fluid around the heart (in the pericardial sac).

A

Hydropericardium

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10
Q

Fluid in any sacculated (sac-like) cavity in the body, especially tunica vaginalis (results in swelling of the scrotum).

A

Hydrocele

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11
Q
  • Anasarca
  • Ascites
  • Hydrothorax
  • Hydropericardium
  • Hydrocele
A

Types of edema

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12
Q

Excess of blood in an area of the body.

A

Hyperemia

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13
Q

Accumulation of an excess of blood or tissue fluid in a body part.

A

Congestion

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14
Q

Dilation of arteries and increased arterial blood supply to an organ or tissue.

A

Active hyperemia

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15
Q

Can be caused by increased metabolic activity (exercise) > delivery of more blood “on demand” of a working tissue.

A

Physiological (functional) active hyperemia

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16
Q

Acute inflammation, such as sunburned skin.

A

Pathological active hyperemia

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17
Q

Engorgement of organs or tissues due to inadequate venous drainage.

e. g., thrombosis, embolus, tumor pressing on or blocking blood vessels causing abnormal pumping action of the heart.
- May result in reddish- bluish discoloration (cyanosis) of the affected parts. e.g., liver

A

Passive hyperemia

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18
Q

Reddish- bluish discoloration

A

Cyanosis

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19
Q

Reduction in arterial blood supply (therefore, oxygen and nutrients) to a tissue or body part.

A

Ischemia

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20
Q

Decreased level of oxygen within a tissue.

A

Hypoxia

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21
Q
  • Arterial obstruction (thrombus, embolus, artherosclerosis)
  • Venous obstruction
  • Vasoconstriction (due to abnormal function of nervous system, cold temperature or medications.
  • External pressure on blood vessel (e.g., tumor)
  • Heart failure (leading to systemic ischemia) is
A

Etiology of Ischemia

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22
Q
  • Hypoxia and accumulation of metabolic wastes in tissues > tissue damage > tissue necrosis (infarct)
  • pain
  • atrophy
  • e.g., ischemic heart disease, or transient ischemic attacks (brain).
A

Effects of ischemia

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23
Q

The formation of an area of necrosis in a tissue caused by obstruction in the artery supplying the area; usually follows ischemia.

e.g. myocardial infarction- area of cell death (necrosis) resulting from anoxia caused by thrombosis.

A

Infarction (Ischemic necrosis)

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24
Q

Spleen, kidneys, lungs, brain and heart

A

Organs most often affected by infarction

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25
Q

The formation or presence of an attached blood clot.

A

Thrombosis

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26
Q
  • Injury or disease of blood vessel wall > partial obstruction in blood vessel
  • Reduced rate of blood flow (sluggish circulation) > allow platelets aggregation = accumulation.
  • Alterations in blood composition- e.g., polycythemia vera > increased viscosity (thickness) of blood.
  • Blood diseses - thrombocytosis, sickle cell anemia.
A

Etiology of Thrombosis

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27
Q

Due to an incomplete obstruction of a blood vessel; thrombus may dislodge.

A

Partial Thrombosis

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28
Q

Due to total (complete) blockage of a blood vessel; ischemia and infarction may occur.

A

Obstructive

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29
Q

Due to infected thrombus; very dangerous.

A

Septic

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30
Q

Due to not infected thrombus.

A

Aseptic

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31
Q
  • In blood vessels- arteries and veins

* In the heart- cardiac valves or ventricles

A

Location of thrombosis

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32
Q

Formation of new blood capillaries to bypass the thrombus.

A

Canalization

33
Q
  • tiny thrombi resolve on their own
  • Large thrombi may increase in size (surrounded by fibrous tissue) > may become obstructive. Some large thrombi break off and become emboli.
A

Changes in Thrombi

34
Q

Small thrombi dissolve, not causing further damage.

A

Resolution of thrombi

35
Q

Mineral salts accumulate around thrombi; may become obstructive.

A

Calcification of thrombi

36
Q

Pieces of thrombus dislodge and move through the bloodstream (embolus)

A

Fragmentation of thrombi

37
Q

Septic (infected) thrombus; fragments move through the bloodstream > spread infection and may block small blood vessels.

A

Septic softening of thrombi

38
Q

Reduction in arterial blood supply (oxygen and nutrients).

A

Ischemia

39
Q

Tissue necrosis due to obstruction in arterial blood supplying to the area.

A

Infarction

40
Q

Abnormal venous drainage.

A

Passive hyperemia

41
Q

Death of tissue with loss of vascular supply; may be followed by bacterial infection.

A

Gangrene

42
Q

Presence of bacteria in blood from a septic thrombus.

A

Bacteremia

43
Q

Obstruction of a blood vessel by free floating object (embolus) in the bloodstream (solid or gaseous).

A

Embolism

44
Q
  • Fragments of thrombi
  • Clump of bacteria
  • Fragmented tumor cells
  • Animal parasites
  • Fat
  • Gas (air)
  • Foreign bodies- chemicals (talc, cotton fibers)
A

Types of embolism

45
Q
  • Ischemia - if blockage occurs
  • Infarction - if ischemia occurs
  • Gangrene (if embolus; may be infected)
  • Spread of infection
  • Spread of tumor cells
  • Necrosis
A

Consequences of embolism

46
Q

Escape of blood from blood vascular system.

A

Hemorrhage

47
Q
  • Trauma
  • vascular diseases
  • hypertension
  • blood diseases (e.g., hemorrhagic anemia)
A

Etiology of hemorrhage

48
Q

High blood pressure.

A

Hypertension

49
Q
  • Petechiae
  • Ecchymosis
  • Hematoma
A

Types of hemorrhage

50
Q

Antemortem, pinpoint, extravascular blood discoloration visible as purplish hemorrhages of the skin.

e.g., thrombocytopenia (low platelet count)

A

Petechiae (singular = petechia)

51
Q

Small, non-elevated hemorrhagic patch; extravasation of blood into a tissue; (greater than petechia), usually in mucous membrane or skin.

e.g., thrombocytopenia, cirrhosis, acute renal failure

A

Ecchymosis (bruise)

52
Q

Large collection of blood (tumor like swelling); usually due to trauma.

A

Hematoma

53
Q

Bleeding from the nose.

A

Epistaxis

54
Q

Blood in sputum.

A

Hemoptysis

55
Q

Vomiting of blood.

A

Hematemesis

56
Q

Blood in the pericardial cavity.

A

Hemopericardium

57
Q

Blood in the thoracic cavity.

A

Hemothorax

58
Q

Blood in the abdominal cavity.

A

Hemoperitoneum

59
Q

Blood in stool.

A

Melena

60
Q

Discharge of red blood cells in urine.

A

Hematuria

61
Q

Loss of blood to the point where life can no longer be sustained.

A

Exsanguination

62
Q

A condition in which the circulatory system is unable to provide adequate blood supply to the body tissues, due to low blood flow through blood vessels (hype perfusion), reduced cardiac output (inadequate pumping by the heart) or low blood volume.

A

Shock (Circulatory collapse = failure)

63
Q
  • Bacterial infections, overwhelming bacterial sepsis
  • Heat, cold, or burns
  • Radiation or poisoning
  • Severe hemorrhage
  • Catastrophic allergic reaction
  • Severe myocardial infarction
  • Trauma with extensive soft tissue damage
A

Etiology of circulatory shock

64
Q

Increased permeability of blood capillaries and small veins may lead to:

  • Blood lost from circulation
  • Blood volume in blood vessels decreases
  • Less flow in blood vessels
  • Less blood to the heart > less effective pumping
  • Less blood to body tissues (low oxygen and nutrients, and accumulation of waste materials)
  • Severe tissue damage
  • If untreated > multi-organ failure > death
A

Effects of shock

65
Q

From myocardial infarction or other myocardial disease.

A

Cardiogenic shock (heart failure)

66
Q

Underfilled blood vessels, usually due to hemorrhage, burns, severe diarrhea, or vasodilation (from severe allergic reaction).

A

Hypovolemic shock

67
Q

From systemic bacterial infection (sepsis) by organisms that release bacterial endotoxins.

A

Septic shock

68
Q
  • low blood pressure > have rapid or feeble pulse > little urine output
  • Low body temperature > cold extremities
  • Shallow but rapid breathing > pale skin color
  • Heavy perspiration > thirst
A

Symptoms of shock

69
Q

Loss of moisture from body tissue which may occur antemortem or postmortem (decrease in total volume of body fluids).

A

Dehydration

70
Q
  • Hemorrhage
  • Fever or high environmental temperature
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Kidney or adrenal disease
  • Metabolic disorders
  • Diarrhea or vomiting
A

Etiology of dehydration

71
Q
  • Nervous system -numbness in fingers or face and muscle spasm.
  • Respiration- increased rate and depth
  • Dry skin and mucous membranes
  • Opaque, sticky organ surfaces
  • Vascular collapse
  • Brain, heart, and kidney damage
A

Consequences of dehydration

72
Q

Increase in total blood volume.

A

Plethora

73
Q

Excess blood due to transfusion, underactive spleen, or overactive bone marrow.

A

Etiology of Plethora

74
Q

Headache and dizziness, vomiting or convulsions, heart and kidney damage.

A

Consequences of Plethora

75
Q
  • Diminished circulation
  • Abscess
  • Dehydration
  • Hemorrhage
  • Dehydration
  • Emaciation
  • Rapid decomposition
  • Discoloration
A

Postmortem conditions

76
Q

May lead to syncope

A

Diminished circulation (postmortem)

77
Q

Localized accumulation of pus.

A

Abscess

78
Q

Excessive wasting away of the body, usually due to disease or lack of nutrition.

A

Emaciation

79
Q

Purple because of high content of blood (pull of gravity).

A

Discoloration (postmortem)

pathology (23 decks)

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