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Human Biology ATAR > Disruptions to homeostasis > Flashcards

Disruptions to homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A
  • Occurs when a person has abnormally high blood glucose levels
  • Called hyperglycaemia
  • A diabetic person either does not produce enough insulin, or their body cells have an abnormal resistance to the effects of insulin
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2
Q

What is diabetes type 1?

A
  • An autoimmune disease
  • Occurs when a fault in a patient’s immune system causes the destruction of the beta cells in the islet of Langerhans of the pancreases which secrete insulin
  • Therefore, a person does not produce enough insulin
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3
Q

How is type 1 diabetes managed?

A

By giving the person insulin injections

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4
Q

Method of treatment with insulin

A
  • Cannot be taken in tablet form as it is digested in the alimentary canal
  • The only treatment is regular injections from a programmable pump which provides a continuous supply of insulin under the skin
  • There is no cure
  • Must have regular injections to stay alive
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5
Q

Long-term effects of type 1 diabetes

A
  • Kidney failure
  • Heart attack
  • Stroke
  • Amputations
  • Blindness
  • Nerve damage
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6
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A
  • usually occurs in people over the age of 45

- patients are able to produce insulin, although their cells do not respond to it

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7
Q

Why is diabetes considered a lifestyle disease?

A
  • more common in people who are not physically active and are overweight or obese
  • factors include:
    o lack of physical activity
    o being overweight or obese
    o a diet that is regularly high in fat, sugar and salt, and low in fibre
    o high blood pressure
    o high blood cholesterol
    o smoking
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8
Q

Symptoms of type 2

A
  • develops gradually, and often there are no symptoms

- estimated that half of the Australian’s who have type 2 have not yet been diagnosed

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9
Q

Is there a cure for type 2?

A

There is no cure, although it is better to be diagnosed earlier so that prevention and management methods can be put in place

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10
Q

Long-term effects of type 2 diabetes (if left untreated)

A
  • heart disease
  • stroke
  • kidney disease
  • eye problems
  • nerve damage
  • skin and foot problems
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11
Q

Management of type 2 diabetes

A
  • maintain a healthy weight
  • monitoring blood glucose
  • medication
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12
Q

The thyroid gland

A

Secretes thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3) to regulate metabolic rate

Important in maintaining long-term homeostasis of body temperature

Imbalances of thyroxine can be due to an imbalance in TSH

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13
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Too much thyroxine is produced

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14
Q

Most common form of hyperthyroidism

A

Graves’ disease

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15
Q

What is Graves’ disease?

A
  • an enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by an immune system reaction
  • it is not inherited, but there may be a genetic predisposition to the condition
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16
Q

Symptoms of hyperthyroidism

A
  • rapid heart rate
  • weight loss
  • increased appetite
  • fatigue
  • sweating
  • anxiety
  • For Graves’ disease: protruding eyeballs (exophthalmia)
17
Q

Treatment of hyperthyroidism

A
  • Drugs that block the thyroid glands use of iodine
  • Surgery to remove some or all of the gland
  • Give a patient a drink containing radioactive iodine
18
Q

What is the purpose of drinking radioactive iodine?

A
  • The molecules are taken up by the thyroid cells
  • Destroyed by the radioactivity
  • Cells elsewhere in the body do not absorb iodine and are unaffected
  • Eventually excreted in urine
19
Q

What is hypothyroidism?

A

too little thyroxine is produced

more common than hyperthyroidism

20
Q

Symptoms of hypothyroidism

A
  • Slow heart rate
  • Unexplained weight gain
  • Fatigue or feeling a lack of energy
  • Intolerance to cold
  • Swelling of the face and goitre
21
Q

Iodine in thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine

A

Thyroxine molecule – contains four iodine atoms (T4)

Tri-iodothyronine – contains three iodine atoms (T3)

22
Q

What does a deficiency in iodine cause?

A

It prevents the thyroid gland from making enough hormones

23
Q

Why does the thyroid gland become large?

A

The thyroid gland may then become large in an effort to increase hormone production

24
Q

What is a goitre

A

An enlargement of the thyroid gland

25
Q

Iodine deficiency

A
  • May people suffer from it without it being severe enough to produce a visible goitre
  • 46% of Australians are affected
  • There is now a compulsory addition of iodine into most breads
  • Iodised salt
26
Q

Cretinism

A
  • Deficiency of iodine in a pregnant mother’s diet affects the development of the baby’s brain and also retards physical development
  • In severe cases the baby has severely retarded mental and physical growth or impaired movement or hearing
27
Q

Hashimoto’s disease

A
  • Most common cause of hypothyroidism

- An attack on the thyroid gland by the patient’s immune system

28
Q

Surgery for the cancer of the thyroid

A
  • May involve the removal of all or a large part of the gland
  • Can cause hypothyroidism
29
Q

treatment for lack of iodine causing hypothyroidism

A

Addition of iodine into the diet

30
Q

Treatment for other causes

A
  • Tablets containing thyroid hormones
  • There is no cure
  • Must be taken for the rest of a person’s life
  • Must be carefully monitored as the tablets could result in hyper/hypothyroidism
31
Q

Human growth hormone deficiency

A

Essential for normal growth and metabolism

Deficiency of hGH leads to growth retardation (dwarfism) which is an inheritable or acquired disease

Treatment

  • Injections of growth hormone
  • Made by genetically engineered E. coli bacteria
  • Unlimited supply of this hormone
  • Can also be used to enhance athletic performance and in anti-ageing treatments

Human Biology ATAR (13 decks)

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