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pathology > Diseases of The Nervous System (unit 12) > Flashcards

Diseases of The Nervous System (unit 12) Flashcards

1
Q

Cavities in the brain with cells that produce cerebral spinal fluid (CSF).

A

Ventricles

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2
Q

Starts from two lateral ventricles through interventricular foramina into:

  • 3rd ventricle- through cerebral aqueduct into
  • 4th ventricle- Through lateral and medial apertures into
  • Subarachnoid space of the brain and spinal cord.
A

CSF circulation

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3
Q

After starting at the two lateral ventricles through the interventricular foramina, the CSF goes here.

A

The third ventricle

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4
Q

From the third ventricle, the CSF goes through the cerebral aqueduct into the:

A

The 4th ventricle

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5
Q

From the 4th ventricle, the CSF goes through the lateral and medial apertures into:

A

The subarachnoid space of the brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

Injury to the brain.

  • Concussion
  • Contusion
  • Laceration
  • Intracranial (brain) hemorrhage
A

Brain trauma

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7
Q

Loss of cerebral control following injury (fracture, laceration, cutting, wound, hemorrhage)

  • Immediate and temporary disturbance of brain function, disruption of normal electrical activity.
A

Concussion

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8
Q
  • Blood leaking from the brain

- Injection of spinal fluid into the brain => molecular (chemical) disturbance

A

Results of concussions

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9
Q
  • Drowsiness, loss of coordination, slow pulse, convulsions, projectile vomiting, stupor, comatose.
A

Symptoms of concussions

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10
Q

A bruise- crushing (compression) of the brain.

  • Leads of hemorrhage
  • Often accompanied by swelling
  • Caused by fracture or trauma to the skull
A

Contusion

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11
Q

A cutting wound that penetrates the skull.

  • Results in hemorrhage, bleeding.
A

Laceration

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12
Q
  • Extradural (epidural) hemorrhage
  • Subdural hemorrhage
  • Subarachnoid hemorrhage
A

Types of Intracranial (brain) Hemorrhage

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13
Q

Intracranial hemorrhage due to a fracture or trauma to the head.

  • Bleeding => blood collects and proceeds down to the brain
  • If unrelieved => death can occur in days or weeks.
A

Extradural (epidural) Hemorrhage

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14
Q

Intracranial hemorrhage caused my a more severe fracture or injury.

  • More rapid bleeding
  • If unrelieved => death within a few days.
A

Subdural Hemorrhage

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15
Q

Most severe intracranial hemorrhage, due to a laceration.

  • Very rapid bleeding into the brain
  • Death occurs within hours
A

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

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16
Q

Inflammation of the membranes (meninges) of the brain and spinal cord.

  • May affect any age group: newborn => elderly
A

Meningitis

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17
Q
  • Microorganisms that spread into blood and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) into meninges => muscle paralysis => respiratory failure (diaphragm) within 12-24 hours.
  • Viruses (most cases), fungi, protozoans, and cancers
A

Causes of meningitis

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18
Q

A life threatening meningitis that may cause epidemic meningitis.
- Spread by respiratory secretions

A

Bacterial Meningitis (Neisseria meningitides)

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19
Q

A type of meningitis that is common in people with impaired immune system (AIDS).

A

Fungal Meningitis

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20
Q
  • Headaches
  • Stiff neck*
  • Fever
  • Photophobia
  • Vomiting
A

Symptoms of meningitis

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21
Q

Temporary lack of circulation to a part of the brain; may lead to ischemia.

  • Mini-stroke (lasting minutes- hours).
  • Warning sign for a stroke
A

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

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22
Q
  • Clot
  • Narrowing (atherosclerosis)
  • Blockage in carotid artery
A

Causes of Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

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23
Q
  • Loss of sensation
  • Loss of movement
  • Loss of speech
  • Loss of mental function or vision
  • Generally disappear completely within 24 hours (after resumption of blood flow).
A

Symptoms of Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

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24
Q

Sudden death of some brain cells due to lack of oxygen caused by blockage or rupture of an artery in the brain => hemorrhage => softening of the brain => ischemia and infarction.

  • Effect depends on the size of the hemorrhage
  • 3rd leading cause of death
A

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)

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25
Q
  • Arteriosclerosis
  • High blood pressure
  • Thrombus or embolus in cerebral blood vessel
  • Aneurysm
A

Predisposing factors of cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

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26
Q
  • Most common is weakness or paralysis of one side of the body with partial or complete loss of voluntary movement or sensation in a leg or arm.
A

Symptom of cerebral vascular accident (CVA)

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27
Q

Inflammation of the brain

A

Encephalitis

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28
Q
  • Bacteria (staph, strep)
  • Viruses (Herpes, encephalitis virus)
  • Complication of measles or chickenpox.
  • Infections usually spread from upper respiratory tract, sinuses, ears, or eyes.
A

Cause of encephalitis

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29
Q

Horse => mosquito => human

- West nile virus

A

Equine encephalitis

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30
Q
  • Swelling of the brain
  • Fever, headache, body aches, skin rash and swollen lymph nodes
  • Severe infections - high fever, stiff neck, stupor (sleepiness), disorientation, coma, tremors, occasional convulsions, paralysis, and rarely death
  • Death rates 3% to 15% (higher in elderly than in younger)
A

Symptoms of encephalitis

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31
Q

Acute inflammation of the brain (encephalo-) and the spinal cord (myelo-).
- Can be caused by viruses which infect the nervous system.

A

Encephalomyelitis

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32
Q

Occurs most commonly after acute viral infection such as measles (rubeola) => autoimmune attack on the nervous system.

A

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis

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33
Q

Late stages of syphilis; often affect the brain and spinal cord.

A

Neurosyphilis

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34
Q
  • Include general paresis (incomplete paralysis)

- Can result in dementia, deafness, blindness, paralysis, insanity

A

Damage to the brain by neurosyphilis

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35
Q

Tabes Dorsalis

A

Spinal cord damage by neurosyphilis

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36
Q

Slowly progressive, degeneration of the spinal cord, results in locomotive ataxia.

A

Tabes Dorsalis

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37
Q

Wobbliness

A

Ataxia

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38
Q

Inflammation of a nerve or nerves.

A

Neuritis

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39
Q
  • Injury- compression, contusion
  • Infection (tetanus, tuberculosis), inflammation
  • Chemical poisoning (arsenic, lead), medication
  • Neoplasm or stress
A

Etiology of neuritis

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40
Q
  • Headaches
  • Hyperesthesia
  • Paresthesia
  • Dysesthesia
  • Muscular atrophy of part supplied by affected nerve
  • Paralysis
  • Lack of reflexes
A

Symptoms of neuritis

41
Q

Hypersensitivity

A

Hyperesthesia

42
Q

Numbness, tingling

A

Paresthesia

43
Q

Painful sensation

A

Dysesthesia

44
Q

Mass of immune cells, pus, and other material draining into deeper brain tissue.

  • Results in necrosis of healthy brain tissue
    • encephalomalacia (brain softening)
A

Cerebral (brain) Abscess

45
Q

Necrosis of brain tissue

A

Encephalomalacia (brain softening)

46
Q
  • Usually from bacterial (staph, strep, pesudomonas)

- Bacteria can get to the brain from an injury, respiratory tract, ear or eye infection.

A

Cause of cerebral (brain) abscess

47
Q

Inflammation of the spinal cord.

  • Highly infectious, mainly affects children under 5
  • Spread through oral or fecal-oral route
A

Poliomyelitis

48
Q

Infantile paralysis

A

Polio

49
Q
  • Fever, headache, sore throat, abdominal pain
  • Stiffness of neck, trunk, extremities
  • Atrophy of a group of muscle => contraction => permanent deformity
  • Paralysis in hours (e.g. respiratory, GI tract or leg)
A

Results of Poliomyelitis

50
Q

Acute viral infection of the central nervous system of warm-blooded animals (wolves, cats, dogs).

  • transmitted by bite of rabid animal (madness, rage, fury)
  • If left untreated => 100% fatal in animals
A

Rabies

51
Q
  • Hydrophobia
  • Increase in saliva production
  • Abnormal behavior
  • Paralysis => respiratory failure => coma => death
A

Results of Rabies

52
Q

Fear of water, attempts to drink water trigger laryngeal spasm.

A

Hydrophobia

53
Q

Acute, infectious, life-threatening bacterial disease that affects the nervous system.

A

Tetanus

54
Q

Toxin produced by Clostridium tetani => toxin attaches to motor neurons.
- Found in animal feces, spores in soil

A

Cause of tetanus

55
Q

Leads to painful muscle contractions, particularly of the jaw (lockjaw) and the neck muscles.

A

Result of tetanus

56
Q
  • Painful, uncontrolled contractions of skeletal muscles => gradually affects muscles of the esophagus, neck, back, arms, legs
  • High fever
  • Tachycardia
  • Dysphagia
  • Intense pain
A

Symptoms of tetanus

57
Q

Faster heartbeat.

A

Tachycardia

58
Q

Difficulty swallowing.

A

Dysphagia

59
Q

Chronic neurogenic disease marked by sudden alterations in consciousness and convulsions.

  • A temporary lack of oxygen to vital brain centers
  • Recurrent seizures of unknown origin
A

Epilepsy

60
Q
  • Congenital abnormality of blood vessels in the brain.

- Some disorders which block blood flow to the brain.

A

Predisposing factors for epilepsy

61
Q
  • Petit mal seizure

- Grand mal seizure

A

Types of epilepsy

62
Q
  • Loss of consciousness, usually for a few seconds

- No memory of the seizure, no complications

A

Petit mal seizure

63
Q
  • Loss of consciousness, muscle rigidity, spasms of face, neck, arms, legs, person will thrash about.
  • Generally lasts fir a few minutes
  • No memory of the seizure
  • May results in cyanosis, breathing difficulty, bitten tongue, excessive salivation, bloody froth or saliva
A

Grand mal seizure

64
Q
  • Alzheimer’s disease
  • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
  • Parkinson’s disease
  • Multiple sclerosis
  • Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
A

Degenerative Diseases of the CNS

65
Q

Progressive and fatal brain disease due to the formation of protein plaques, or tangles of nerve fibers that interfere with communication between nerve cells in the brain.

  • Named for German physician Alois Alzheimer
  • Most common type of dementia
A

Alzheimer’s Disease

66
Q
  • Amnesia, impaired recognition, forgetfulness
  • Emotional upsets, confusion, mood changes
  • Inability to concentrate => inability to complete simple tasks
  • Irritability, agitation, restlessness, depression, hostility
  • Motor disturbances, muscle rigidity, paralysis, apraxia
A

Symptom’s of Alzheimer’s Disease

67
Q

Loss of short term memory.

A

Amnesia

68
Q

Skilled movements.

A

Apraxia

69
Q

In Alzheimer’s Disease, external surface of the brain with widened sulci and narrowed gyri mostly over frontal and parietal regions.

A

Cerebral atrophy

70
Q

Lou Gehrig’s Disease

  • Caused by destruction of both upper and lower motor neurons (brain and spinal cord).
  • More often affects middle-aged men, fatal within 5 years.
A

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

71
Q
  • Cramps
  • Muscle weakness and atrophy
  • Uncontrollable twitching
A

Symptoms of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

72
Q

Degenerative disorder of the central nervous system basal ganglia (nuclei) causing faulty nerve signal transmission.

  • Insufficient dopamine (neurotransmitter)
A

Parkinson’s Disease

73
Q
  • Environmental toxins, no hereditary basis
  • Trauma (often affect boxers)
  • Tumors
  • Prior infections
  • Drugs
  • Atherosclerosis (more common)
A

Causes of Parkinson’s Disease

74
Q
  • “Tremors at rest”, rigidity of muscles, weakness of muscles, a forward lean
  • Slurred speech
  • Digestive and urinary difficulty
  • Hypotension
  • In late stages: depression and dementia
A

Symptoms of Parkinson’s disease

75
Q

Low blood pressure.

A

Hypotension

76
Q

A chronic disease of the nervous system characterized by remissions and relapses and by the presence of patches of demyelination associated with sclerosis or hardening, scattered diffusely throughout the gray and white matter o the brain stem and spinal cord.

A

Multiple Sclerosis

77
Q

T-lymphocytes and macrophages attach its own myelin

- Causes softening of the spinal cord

A

Multiple sclerosis : autoimmune disease

78
Q

Protective sheath composed of lipids and proteins, around axons of some neurons.

A

Myelin

79
Q
  • Loss of coordination (1st symptom)
  • Optic disturbances
  • Tremors
  • Disturbance in neural pathways
    • local anesthesia and paralysis
  • Respiratory problems
  • Loss of bowel and bladder control
  • Paralysis to the limbs
A

Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis

80
Q

A rare, degenerative brain disorder.

  • Rapid development (6-12 months); incurable, ultimately fatal within 1 year.
A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

81
Q
  • Probably due to a protein called a prion that folds abnormally => which affects it’s function.
  • Possibly from eating infected beef
A

Possible causes for Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

82
Q
  • Personality changes
  • Hallucinations
  • Muscle twitching and stiffness
  • Lack of coordination
  • Speech impairment
  • Blindness, come
A

Symptoms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

83
Q
  • Cerebral palsy
  • Microcephaly
  • Anencephaly
  • Hydrocephalus
  • Spina bifida
A

CNS: Congenital Disorders

84
Q

Motor disturbance present at birth, usually due to a congenital birth defect or birth trauma.

  • Non-progressive, little or no mental change
  • Life-long condition that affects communication between brain and muscles => motor disturbance => uncoordinated movement.
A

Cerebral Palsy

85
Q
  • Limited motor skills
  • Speech difficulties
  • Learning disabilities
A

Symptoms of cerebral palsy

86
Q

Small brain, occurs with Down’s syndrome. Abnormally small head and brain, usually results in mental retardation, probably genetic.

A

Microcephaly

87
Q

No brain, congenital absence of the brain, absence of major portions of the brain.

A

Anencephaly

88
Q

Neural tube defect, one or more vertebrae fail to fuse (usually at the lumbar area) => Leaving an opening or weakness in the vertebral column.

  • Possible causes: radiation, virus, genetic factors, folic acid deficiency.
A

Spina Bifida

89
Q

Excessive accumulation of CSF in the ventricles of the brain.

A

Hydrocephalus

90
Q
  • Usually due to obstruction of the flow of CSF out of the brain.
    • congenital defect
    • In newborns: toxoplasmosis (parasite in cat litter)
    • Infection (encephalitis), brain tumor
A

Causes of hydrocephalus

91
Q
  • Brain damage
  • Mental changes
  • Bulging eyes
  • Tight scalp
  • Prominent head vein
A

Results of hydrocephalus

92
Q

Brain and spinal cord tumor

  • Most of benign
  • May cause hemorrhage in brain and spinal cord
  • Often destructive due to increased intracranial pressure => headache, vomiting, walking and coordination problems, double vision.
A

Neoplasms of the Brain and Spinal cord

93
Q

Tumors originating in neuroglia (glial cells = supportive cells) of the brain or spinal cord.

  • Most common type of brain tumor
  • Categorized by location and type of cells that originated the tumor.
A

Gliomas

94
Q
  • Astrocytomas
  • Meningioma
  • Retinoblastoma
A

Types of Gliomas

95
Q

Astrocytes, in brain or spinal cords.

  • Most common type of childhood brain tumor
  • In cerebellum
A

Astrocytomas

96
Q

Tumor of the meninges (dura mater)

  • Slow growing, most common in 40 and 50 year old people.
  • In cerebral hemispheres, under the skull
  • Usually are separate from the brain and can be removed entirely during surgery
  • Can recur and certain types can be malignant
A

Meningioma

97
Q

Malignant tumor of one or both eyes.

  • Retinal cells
  • Develops during infancy or early childhood
  • Usually diagnosed by two years of age
  • Probably hereditary
A

Retinoblastoma

98
Q

Primitive neuroepithelial cells = retinoblasts

A

Retinal cells

99
Q
  • Brain purge
  • Hemorrhage
  • Atrophy
  • Diminished circulation
  • Discoloration
A

Postmortem Conditions

pathology (23 decks)

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