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pathology > Diseases of the blood, disease of the heart and blood vessels > Flashcards

Diseases of the blood, disease of the heart and blood vessels Flashcards

1
Q

Produced in red bone marrow, some in lymphoid tissue.

  • 5,000-9,000 cells/microliter of blood
  • Function- inflammation, immunity
A

Leucocytes (White blood cells, WBC)

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2
Q

Produced in red bone marrow.

  • 4,000,000- 5,000,000 cells/ microliter of blood
  • Function- carry oxygen to cells and tissues, and carbon dioxide out of tissues.
A

Erythrocytes (Red blood cells, RBC)

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3
Q

Produced in red bone marrow

  • 150,000-450,000 cells/microliter of blood
  • Function- blood clotting
A

Thrombocytes (platelets)

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4
Q

Increase in the number of WBC in blood.

  • Usually occurs to fight infection.
  • May be physiological (protective, transient, more common) or pathological
  • more than 9,000 cells/ microliter, up to 50,000
  • The more severe the infection, the higher the number.
  • 50,000 - 800,000 cells/microliter > indicate cancer of WBC producing tissue (leukemia)
A

Leucocytosis (Leukocytosis)

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5
Q

Abnormal reduction in the number of WBC in blood.

  • Usually due to damage to bone marrow or lymphatic tissue
  • results in anemia, infections, bleeding, bruising.
A

Leucopenia (leukopenia)

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6
Q
  • Radiation
  • Chemical poisons
  • Some infections
A

Etiology of Leucopenia

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7
Q

Leucocytosis

Leucopenia

A

Reactive changes

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8
Q

A decrease in the number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, or both resulting in decreased ability to carry oxygen to the body tissues.

A

Anemia

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9
Q

Chronic, hematologic disease that is a result of a love level of RBC or hemoglobin.

A

Primary anemia

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10
Q

Concerned with blood or blood-forming structures.

A

Hematologic

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11
Q

Develops as a complication of another disease, nonhematologic disease.

  • persisting longer than 2-6 months
  • May provide a diagnostic clue to a chronic disease, e.g., chronic osteomyelitis
A

Secondary anemia

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12
Q
  • Increased destruction anemia

- Decreased production anemia

A

Two types of anemia

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13
Q

RBCs are being destroyed.

A

Increased destruction anemia

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14
Q

Producing less RBCs than normal.

A

Decreased production anemia

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15
Q
  • Hemorrhage
  • Injury or trauma
  • Genetic
  • Infections
A

Etiology of increased destruction anemia

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16
Q

Sickle cell anemia (primary)
Erythroblastosis fetalis (primary)
Hypersplenism (secondary)

A

Types of increased destruction anemia

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17
Q

Genetic mutation resulting in hemoglobin S

  • cells of weird shape, form clots > spleen traps and destroys these cells.
  • Results in tachycardia, fatigue, dyspnea
A

Sickle cell anemia (primary)

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18
Q

Hemolytic disease of the newborn. The mother and baby have different Rh blood types.
-baby’s RBCs are immature and larger than normal (with nucleus) > may form blood clots > trapped in spleen and destroyed.

A

Erythroblastosis fetalis (primary)

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19
Q

Overactive spleen due to mononucleosis or liver cancer.

- may cause splenomegaly (spleen enlargement).

A

Hypersplenism (secondary)

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20
Q

Underactive bone marrow due to:

  • radiation
  • chemical poisons
  • infection
  • metabolic disorders
  • leukemia or bone cancer (osteosarcoma)
A

Etiology of decreased production anemia

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21
Q

Aplastic anemia
Pernicious anemia
Megaloblastic anemia

A

Types of decreased production anemia

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22
Q

Damage to bone marrow of unknown origin (idiopathic).

-bone marrow does not produce enough, or any, blood cells, especially RBC.

A

Aplastic anemia

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23
Q

Vitamin B12 deficiency

  • due to lack of intrinsic factor produced in the stomach
  • common in women following childbirth or malnutrition disorder.
A

Pernicious anemia

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24
Q

Deficiency of B12 and folic acid.

  • megablasts
  • associated with pernicious anemia.
A

Megaloblastic anemia

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25
Q

Large RBCs

A

Megablasts

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26
Q

Associated with formation of blood and blood components.

A

Hematopoietic (hemopoietic) disorders

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27
Q

“White blood”, cancer of WBC producing structures/organs (bone marrow, lymphatic tissue, or spleen).

  • results in overproduction of immature WBC
  • WBC count elevated 10-100 times.
A

Leukemia

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28
Q

Acute

Chronic

A

Types of leukemia

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29
Q

More common in children

  • Acute myelocytic leukemia
  • Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
    • in children (age 3-6)
    • cause severe anemia, pneumonia, infections
A

Acute Leukemia

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30
Q

More common in adults.

  • Chronic myeloid leukemia
  • Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
A

Chronic Leukemia

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31
Q

primary- Bone marrow makes too many RBCs (erythrocytosis) causing thickening of blood > slower blood flow
-Greater risk of forming blood clots

A

Polycythemia Vera

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32
Q
  • headache, dizziness, itchiness and redness of skin
  • fatigue, shortness of breath
  • numbness, tingling, burning or weakness in hands, feet, arms or legs
  • enlarged spleen
A

Symptoms of polycythemia vera

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33
Q

Increase in the number of RBC in blood (increased hematocrit)
-rare

A

Erythrocytosis

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34
Q
  • Hereditary condition
  • Excess blood in transfusion
  • Underactive spleen (does not remove and destroy old RBC)
  • polycythemia vera
A

Etiology of erythrocytosis

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35
Q

Increased blood volume.

A

Plethroa

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36
Q
  • Plethroa
  • Higher risk or forming blood clots/thrombi
  • extra strain on heart > congestive heart failure > ischemia > cyanosis
  • Enlarged spleen (splenomegaly), risk of rupture as it gets bigger.
A

May result from erythrocytosis

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37
Q

Decreased number of RBC in blood (decreased hematocrit), may result in anemia.

A

Erythrocytopenia

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38
Q

Leukemia
Polycythemia vera
Erythrocytosis
Erythrocytopenia

A

Type of hematopoietic disorders

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39
Q

Severe decrease in the number of platelets.

  • less than 60,000 platelets/microliter of blood.
  • Due to damaged bone marrow, e.g., radiation, chemicals, cancer (leukemia)
  • Results in decreased ability to clot or coagulate blood.
    • Bruise and bleed easily > results in hemorrhage, circulatory shock.
    • Bruising > purple discoloration on the skin > immune thrombocytopenic purpura.
A

Thrombocytopenia

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40
Q

Blue color on lips and fingers due to lack of oxygen.

A

Cyanosis

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41
Q
  • Immune system destroys its own platelets.
  • Spontaneous bleeding in subcutaneous tissues > purple patches on the skin.

e.g., acute pediatric viral illness

A

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura

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42
Q

X-linked (more common in males) or somatic inherited hemorrhagic disease.
- abnormal or absent clotting factor > inability to clot blood.

symptoms:

  • Excessive, prolonged, sometimes spontaneous bleeding
  • Frequent epistaxis (nosebleeds), bruising
  • Severe cases > hemarthrosis (bleeding into joints) > painful > may cause joint deformity.
A

Hemophilia

43
Q

Thrombocytopenia
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura
Hemophilia

A

Bleeding disorders

44
Q
  • Hereditary
  • Obesity
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Elevated cholesterol levels
  • Social factors: smoking; substance abuse, stress or diet
A

Predisposing conditions for heart and blood vessel disease

45
Q

The condition of the heart being enlarged, occurring normally, artificially, or as a result of disease; tends to be chronic.

  • Enlarged heart> cannot pump efficiently (abnormal rate) > heart gets bigger> cardiac muscle (myocardial) fibers (cells) stretch and get thinner.
    • excess blood left in ventricle > may affect aortic valve
A

Cardiac dilation (dilation)

46
Q

Blockage of the thoracic aorta due to arteriosclerosis or plaque > aorta narrows > blood back to heart > heart muscles stretch in response.

A

Cause of cardiac dilation

47
Q

The enlargement of the heart ventricles due to the increase in size of the myocardial cells.
-heart pumps faster > thickening of cardiac muscle cells to allow heart to pump faster (compensatory mechanism) > may lead to hypertensive heart disease.

A

Cardiac hypertrophy

48
Q

May be from adaptive response to increased cardiac workload such as athletic training or blockage of aorta.

A

Cause of cardiac hypertrophy

49
Q

Due to uncontrolled high blood pressure.

  • pathological effects on the heart, blood vessels and the body in general including the brain and kidneys.
  • heart pumps at pressure greater than normal
A

Hypertensive heart disease

50
Q

120/80 mmHg

A

Normal blood pressure

51
Q
  • 90% of all cases, no single cause
  • can last for decades, 10-40 years
  • predisposing factors - stress, diet (fats, salts), nicotine, obesity, hereditary, arteriosclerosis
A

Primary (essential) hypertension

52
Q

Mild, does not threaten health or life- blood pressure 140/90 mmHg.

A

Benign hypertension

53
Q

Blood pressure 160/110+; difficult to lower, even with medications.
-death is usually due to stroke (rupture of blood vessel in the brain), kidney or heart failure.

A

Malignant hypertension

54
Q
  • 10% of all cases, has a definite cause
  • acute and life threatening
  • BP- 220/110 mmHg

-If the heart weakens over time > congestive heart failure

A

Secondary hypertension

55
Q
  • Kidney disease
  • Adrenal gland disease, too much adrenaline
  • Chemical imbalance: meds, narcotics
A

Etiology of secondary hypertension

56
Q

Inflammation of the membrane covering the heart and beginning of the great vessels (pericardium).

  • main cause: respiratory viruses and bacteria (lungs and bronchi); or trauma.
  • scar tissue forms > resulting in pressure on the heart> heart beats more rapidly > weakened heart action > may lead to heart failure.
A

Pericarditis

57
Q

Inflammation of the muscular walls of the heart (myocardium); usually wall of the left ventricle.

  • caused by bacterial or viral infections such as respiratory infections (strep, flu, staph, or pneumonia)
  • scar tissue in heart muscle > interfere with blood flow through coronary arteries > may result in chest pain or dizziness.
A

Myocarditis

58
Q

Inflammation of the lining membrane of the heart (endocardium); may involve only the membrane covering the valves or the general lining of the chambers of the heart.

-Most often the mitral (bicuspid valve); infected valve results in inflammation> exudate> scar tissue (vegetations) and ulcers form on the valve > makes valve rigid > chunks of scar tissue can break off and become emboli

A

Endocarditis

59
Q

Bacteria (#1 Streptococcus) and viruses in blood; most often respiratory infections (flu, cold, sore throat).

A

Cause of Endocarditis

60
Q

Related to the heart valves.

A

Valvular defects

61
Q

Failure of a heart valve to close completely, thus allowing regurgitation (leaking back) of blood.

A

Valvular insufficiency (incompetence)

62
Q

Abnormally enlarged and floppy valve.

e.g., Mitral valve prolapse

A

Valvular prolapse

63
Q

Abnormal narrowing of a valve that restricts flow of blood.

A

Valvular stenosis

64
Q

Autoimmune reaction.

A

Rheumatic

65
Q

Condition of permanent damage to heart valves.
-usually follows strep throat infection.

-Immune system produces antibodies to fight streptococcus bacteria > antibodies attach to tissues of heart (and joints causing arthritis) > phagocytize the heart by mistake (myocarditis) > scar tissue forms > weaken the valve > valve will leak and regurgitate blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium > heat murmurs

A

Rheumatic Fever

66
Q

Blockage in coronary artery depriving the heart muscle of oxygen.

  • # 1 cause for sudden death
  • May result in ischemia and myocardial infarction
    • most often in left ventricle > chest pain, dizziness > may require by-pass surgery.
A

Coronary artery disease

67
Q
  • Atherosclerosis > arteriosclerosis
  • Thrombus (thrombosis)
  • Embolus (embolism)
  • spasms
A

Etiology of coronary artery disease

68
Q

Inability of the heart to supply adequate blood flow (oxygen and nutrients) to peripheral tissues and organs.

A

Cardiac failure

69
Q

Rapid, may result from:

  • cardiopulmonary by-pass surgery
  • acute myocardial infarction
  • valve dysfunction
  • severe arrhythmias
A

Acute cardiac failure

70
Q

Congestive heart failure

A

Chronic cardiac failure

71
Q

General weakening of the heart over time, leading to heart failure.
-heart cannot pump enough blood to supply organs

-Heart cannot clear blood > blood pooling in the heart > the heart drown’s in it’s own blood > results in severe chest pain.

A

Congestive heart failure

72
Q

Due to disorder of the left ventricle; leads to anasarca (hands, feet, abdomen)

A

Right-sided cardiac failure

73
Q

Due to hypertension, mitral or aortic valve disease, coronary artery or myocardial disease.

A

Left-sided cardiac failure

74
Q

Usually results in damage to the myocardium.
- Area of necrotic tissue in the heart caused by obstruction in the artery supplying the area

e.g., due to coronary thrombosis

A

Myocardial infarction (Heart attack)

75
Q

Disease or disorder of the heart muscle (myocardium)

  • caused by viral infections, heart attack, alcoholism, long-term severe high blood pressure or other unknown causes.
  • can be severely disabling or fatal
A

Cardiomyopathy

76
Q

Inflammation of the entire heart and its surrounding structures.

A

Carditis (pancardidis)

77
Q

Caused by failure to develop normal heart.

e.g., due to infections in utero (rubella, syphilis, HIV)

A

Congenital heart defects

78
Q

The apex of the heart is situated on the right side of the body; heart can be smaller.

A

Dextrocardia

79
Q

Rearrangement of valves or abnormal valve structure.

A

Valvular defect

80
Q

Hole in the septum (wall between the right and left side of the heart).

A

Septal defect

81
Q

Four related heart defects:

  1. Interventricular septal defect
  2. Aorta shifts to the right
  3. Pulmonary stenosis
  4. Right ventricle hypertrophy
  • results in less oxygenated blood to the body
  • occurs in 1-300 births
A

Tetralogy of fallout

82
Q

Hole between the ventricles.

A

Interventricular septal defect

83
Q

The aorta normally arises from the left ventricle, this results in narrowing of the aorta.

A

Aorta shifts to the right

84
Q

Narrowing of the pulmonary artery.

A

Pulmonary stenosis

85
Q

Results in compensation of the first three abnormalities of the tetralogy of fallout.

A

Right ventricle hypertrophy

86
Q

Aorta and the pulmonary artery are connected to each other.

A

Patent ductus arteriosus

87
Q

Constricted segment of the aorta, usually above the heart.

A

Coarctation of the aorta

88
Q

Inflammation of medium and large arteries.

  • Endoarteritis
  • Periarteritis
  • Results in scar tissue, blockage, hemorrhage.
  • sometimes defined by it’s cause.
A

Arteritis

89
Q

Inflammation of the lumen or inner wall of an artery.

-Caused by blood clots, arteriosclerosis, or emboli

A

Endoarteritis

90
Q

Inflammation of the outer wall of an artery.

-caused by external trauma

A

Periarteritis

91
Q

Hardening

A

Sclerosis

92
Q

Disease of the arteries resulting in thickening and loss of elasticity of the arterial wall.

  • results in impaired blood circulation
A

Arteriosclerosis

93
Q
  • Develops with aging
  • most often caused by atherosclerosis
  • hypertension or diabetes mellitus > fat plaques > collect on blood vessel wall > irritate wall > arteritis > calcium deposits > scar tissue
A

Etiology of arteriocslerosis

94
Q

A form of arteriosclerosis marked by the deposition of lipids in the inner layer of arterial walls.

  • Characterized by deposit of cholesterol plaques, fatty substances, or cellular debris on inner walls of arteries. e.g., aorta.
  • can restrict blood flow
A

Atherosclerosis

95
Q

Local dilation of the wall of blood vessels, primarily arteries.

-Can rupture (bursting). resulting in hemorrhage in the brain or abdomen.

A

Aneurysm

96
Q
  • Internal blockage due to clot, embolus, arteriosclerosis, plaque.
  • external pressure due to tumor
  • location determines the shape
A

Etiology of aneurysms

97
Q

Resembles a small sack; artery, vein, or heart.

A

Saccular aneurysm

98
Q

Resembles a swollen tube.

A

Fusiform/Spindle aneurysm

99
Q

Blood flows between layers of vessel wall, most dangerous, likely to rupture because of pressure in the center of it.

A

Dissecting aneurysm

100
Q

Inflammation of a vein.

Etiology : blockage of a vein, external pressure due to obesity, pregnancy, pressure, weakened heart action.

Results in : local pain (pressure on nerves), veins hold blood (pool with blood), inflammation restricts blood flow, vein blue and stretched > varicose vein.

A

Phlebitis

101
Q

Enlarged (dilated) tortuous blood vessel.

  • more likely to affect ascending veins
A

Varicose vein

102
Q

Superficial veins of :

  • rectal lining (called external and internal hemorrhoids = piles)
  • scrotum
  • legs
A

Chief locations of varicose veins

103
Q

It is important to carefully monitor injection pressures and the rate of flow of arterial embalming fluid due to:

  • damaged vascular vessels
  • blood vessels predisposed to fragility and rupture
A

Postmortem conditions

pathology (23 decks)

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