Why did Babeuf dislike the directory?
Disliked the constitution as it gave power to the wealthy
He believed revolution should secure happiness for everyone
What did Babeuf plan?
From March he organised a plan to overthrow the directory by coup but he needed dedicated revoutionaries to carry it out
Through propaganda and force they would seize power and a dictatorship would be established but he received no support and was arrested May 1796 after being betrayed and executed year later
What did the elections of 1797 show?
Growing shift towards monarchists
Why did people shift towards monarchists in 1797?
Tired of war and religious conflict so waned constitutional monarchy for peace
What was significant about 1797 elections?
Monarchists won more seats meaning the directory could not rely on as much support as only 1/3 deputies were loyal to them and if elections followed same pattern next year there would be possibility of monarchy be restored
What happened building up coup of fructidor?
Royalists starting to strengthen support as councils appointed three supporters to important positions- president of five hundred and president of ancients and a director
Two remaining directors were republican so sought help from army
What happened 3-4th September 1797 coup of fructidor?
Troops were ordered by remaining republican directors to seize strong points in Paris and surround councils
Arrested Carnot and Barthélemy and 53 deputies
Remaining deputies felt intimidated
What two decrees did the remaining deputies agree to by directors after coup of fructidor?
One cancelled elections in 49 departments and removed 177 deputies without replacements
Another provided deportation to penal settlements in Guiana Carnot and Barthélemy and arrested deputies with leading royalists
Directors also cancelled local government elections and appointed themselves
What action was taken against émigrés and refractory priests after coup of fructidor?
Émigrés who returned were given two weeks to leave or executed
Many hunted down and sentenced to death
What was the clergy required to do after fructidor?
Take oath rejecting royalism those who refused were deported
What did the directory do in terms of national debt
2/3 national debt renounced by one off payment
Reduced annual interest on national debt
What happened to people’s loans to government
They were converted into non interest bearing bonds used to buy national property
What four basic forms of direct taxes were established and when?
1798 Tax on trading licenses Tax on land Tax on moveable property Tax on doors and windows
What and when was the law of hostages?
Property of relatives who were émigrés could be seized
1799
When was the Babeuf plot?
March 1796
When and what was the coup of floreal?
1798
May 1798 the jacobins did well one elections and so directors again undermines constitution by persuading councils to pass law of floreal and annul these elections directors choosing most deputies to as replacements
When was battle of Fleurus ?
June 1794
Why was battle of Fleurus significant?
First of series of successes which continued until all members were out of first coalition except Britain
When was Belgium occupied?
Summer 1794
When were united provinces invaded ?
Winter 1795
What other successes did Frande endure ?
Conquered Rhineland and crossed into Spain
What happened with Orussia and why?
Prussia made peace with France so it could claim polish territory for itself as Russia was intervening
When was treaty of Basle
April 1795
What were the terms of Treaty of Basle?
Prussia promised to hand over territories ok left bank of Rhine to France for land on right bank in return
This freed French troops to attack other enemies
Who made peace with France after Prussia having lost Prussias support?
Dutch
And Spain
Leaving only Austria and Britain 1796
When was Napoleon given command of Italian campaign?
March 1796
How successful was Italian campaign?
He defeated Piedmont and forced it to make peace
Same month of May he defeated Austrians at Lodi and calutrons Mantua in feb 1797
When did Napoleon sign an armistice with Austria at Leoben ?
April 1797
Why was Directory angry about Napoleons armistice ?
He did it without consulting the Directory and ignored their commands
They wanted to use Lombary as bargain for the left bank of Rhine but Napoleon joined Lombaryy and Modena and Papal States to make Cisalpine Republic
What was given to Austria and France at Leoben?
Austria recognised Belgium as French
For giving up Lombardy and Belgium France have Austria Venice
Left bank of Rhine undecided
When and what was peace of Campo Formio?
18 October 1797
Confirms what was agreed at Leoben
Who did France support when invading Britain?
Irish Nationalists who attempted to overthrow the British in Ireland
Who had become allies in October 1796 and why were they important
Spanish and Dutch
French hoped their fleets would help defeat the navy
They failed though both fleets defeated
What was Jordan’s law?
It proposed conscription to be reintroduced for first time since 1793
It was approved September 1798
What was the reaction of Jourdans law ?
Widespread revolts
Many Belgium and took two months to crush rising
Many tried to avoid it
What did Jourdans law call for in June 1799
Called for a new levee en masse all men between 20 and 25 were called
When was forced loan imposed?
1799
Why was forced loan imposed
Because could no longer pay for war by seizing foreign assets
What was the forced loan?
Intended to raise 100 million livres
Wealth would have to give up 3/4 of income
What was law of hostages?
Even worse For notables
Areas resisting laws declared disturbed
Relatives of émigrés or nobles or rebels could be arrested fined or property taken
Why was law of hostages hardly ever applied ?
Because widespread resistance and opposition from officials
Who initiated the coup of Brumaire
Sieyes a director
Saw opportunity of improved military situation
Why was coup of Brumaire needed or wanted
He wanted to strengthen executive but knew councils would not agree
So coup needed with army’s help
Who was approached for Brumaire
Moreau who recommended Napoleon
Why did Napoleon agree
On condition that provisional government of three consuls would draw a new constitution should be set up