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IB Biology 30 > Diploma Prep: Nervous System > Flashcards

Diploma Prep: Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three basic structures of the nervous system?

A

Receptors, nerve cells, effectors

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2
Q

What are the five steps involved in a reflex arc?

A

stimulus, sensory receptor, sense neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector (gland / muscle)

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3
Q

When a neuron is polarized, where is sodium / potassium?

A

sodium outside, potassium inside

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4
Q

What is different between neurons int eh CNS and PNS?

A

neurons in the PNS have a myelinated sheath and Sshwann Cells

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5
Q

What is a myelinated sheath?

A

outer coating on the axon of a neuron which allows a signal to travel faster

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6
Q

What are Schwann cells?

A

Cells which help in the regeneration of damaged neurons

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7
Q

What are the steps of depolarization in an action potential?

A
  1. Depolarization
  2. Repolarization
  3. Refractory Period / Hyperpolarization
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8
Q

What happens in the depolarization period of an action potential?

A

Na+ rushes into axon, +40 mV

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9
Q

What happens in the repolarization period of an action potential?

A

K+ rushes out of axon, -70mV

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10
Q

What happens in the repolarization period of an action potential?

A

Na+ / K+ pump restores concentration gradient, no new action potential can occur

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11
Q

What direction (on the neuron) does an action potential go?

A

dendrite to axon

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12
Q

What are the main components of a neuron?

A

dendrites, nucleus, axon, myelinated sheath, axon terminal, synapse

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13
Q

What is the threshold level?

A

how much stimulus is required to create an action potential

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14
Q

What is the all - or - nothing response?

A

size of action potential does not change, regardless of the size of the stimulus

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15
Q

How is strength of a stimulus measured?

A

high frequency, many neurons

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16
Q

How many different types of neurotransmitters can be released by a neuron?

A

one

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17
Q

What are the two neurons in a transmission called?

A

presynaptic neuron and postsynaptic neuron

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18
Q

What is a synapse?

A

Space between an axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron and the dendrites of the post synaptic neuron

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19
Q

What are the steps of a synapse?

A
  1. Ca2+ gate opens
  2. Ca2+ rushes into neuron
  3. Ca2+ triggers vessicles containing neurotransmitters to move to the presynaptic membrane
  4. Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind the postsynaptic cleft
  5. Excitatory neurotransmitters create an action potential, inhibitory transmitters open K+ or Cl- gate to hyperpolarize
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20
Q

What happens to dopamine after it lands on the post-synaptic cleft?

A

reabsorbed by vesicles in the presynaptic neuron

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21
Q

What happens to acetylcholine after it lands on the post-synaptic cleft?

A

It is broken down by acetylcholinesterase and reabsorbed into the presynaptic neuron

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22
Q

What is ACh used for as a neurotransmitter?

A

neuromusclar junctions, parasympathetic neurons

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23
Q

What is Epinepherine/norepinephere used for as a neurotransmitter?

A

concentration

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24
Q

What nervous system (sns/psns) is epinepherine used in?

A

psns

25
Q

What nervous system (sns/psns) is norepinepherine used in?

A

sns

26
Q

What is Serotonin used for as a neurotransmitter?

A

mood neurotransmitter

27
Q

What is GABA used for as a neurotransmitter?

A

inhibitory neurotransmitter, motor control and vision

28
Q

What is Dopamine used for as a neurotransmitter?

A

muscle contraction, motor control in the brain, reward pathway

29
Q

What is a excitatory neurotransmitter?

A

trigger depolarizatoin by opening sodium channels

30
Q

What is an inhibitory neurotransmitter?

A

trigger hyperpolarization by opening potassium channels

31
Q

What is summation?

A

multiple neurons synapsing on one post synaptic neuron

32
Q

What are the parts of the central nervous system?

A

spinal cord and brain

33
Q

Where is the frontal lobe and what is its role?

A

forehead area, thinking (data processing, critical thinking, decision making)

34
Q

Where is the occipital lobe and what is its role?

A

very back, seeing

35
Q

Where is the temporal lobe and what is its role?

A

sides, sensory/motor

36
Q

Where is the parietal lobe and what is its role?

A

top, sensory/motor

37
Q

Where is the cerebellum and what is its role?

A

very bottom back side, motor control

38
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

region that connects the left and right hemisphere

39
Q

Where is the thalamus and what is its role?

A

region in the very middle, relay center (nerve centre), breathing

40
Q

Where is the hypothalamus and what is its role?

A

below the thalamus, controls pituitary gland, controls water balance

41
Q

Where is the pons and what is its role?

A

top of the medulla oblongata, relay station

42
Q

Where is the medulla oblongata and what is its role?

A

top of the spinal cord, basic body control (heart rate, breathing)

43
Q

Where is the pituitary gland and what is its role?

A

directly below hypothalamus, synthesizes and secretes hormones

44
Q

Where is the motor cortex and what is its role?

A

back of the frontal lobe, planning, control, and execution of voluntary movements

45
Q

Where is the sympathetic nervous system response?

A

thoracic and lumbar

46
Q

Where is the parasympathetic nervous system response?

A

sacral cervical

47
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

sensory neurons and motor neurons

48
Q

What is the autonomics nervous system?

A

motor neurons from the brain and spinal cord that regulate internal environment, through the hypothalamus

49
Q

Where are photoreceptors and what is their role?

A

eyes, respond to light (rods and cones)

50
Q

what is the role of chemoreceptors?

A

respond to chemical stimuli

51
Q

what is the role of mechanoreceptors?

A

detect changes in shape

52
Q

what is the role of thermoreceptors?

A

detect heat and cold in the skin

53
Q

What is the pathway of signal transduction?

A

ear canal, ear drum, ossicles, cochlear branch, vestibular branch, auditory nerve, temporal lobe

54
Q

What are the main components of the eye and what is their role?

A

cornea (transparent cover for eye), iris (colour), pupil (space for light to pass through), lens (bends light), aqueous humour (liquid in front of lens), ciliary muscle (moves lens), choroid (connective tissue), sclera (white), vitreous humour (liquid inside eye), retina (nerves at the back that converts light to signal), fovea (lots of cones for sharp colour vision), optic nerve (sends signal to optic chiasma)

55
Q

What are the reflexes of the eye?

A

accomodation (changing lens shape), adaptation (stimulating rods vs cones), light reflext ( sns - dilation, psns - constriction)

56
Q

What is myopia?

A

near-sightedness, image forms in front of retina

57
Q

what is hyperopia?

A

far-sightedness, image forms behind retina

58
Q

What is astigmatism?

A

irregular curvature of cornea

59
Q

What are cataracts?

A

cloudiness of eyes

IB Biology 30 (7 decks)

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