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Biology GCSE > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

0
Q

Each enzyme has an active site which have conditions specific that help them to work at their __________

A

Optimum

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1
Q

An example of an __________ is amylase (found in the mouth)

A

Enzyme

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2
Q

What are enzymes and what do they do

A

They are catalysts which speed up reactions

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3
Q

If particles move faster then they are more likely to collide and therefore ________

A

React

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4
Q

What is a substrate

A

A molecule that is changes in a reaction

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5
Q

If you increase the temperature too much then the enzymes will become ____________ and therefore will not work

A

Denatured

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6
Q

Outside their optimum pH an enzyme can become _____________

A

Denatured

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7
Q

What is bile

A

A green liquid made up of bile salts

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8
Q

What is the lock and key theory

A

That the substrate can fit into the active site exactly like a key fitting into a lock because the enzymes are very specific

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9
Q

The rate of an enzyme controlled reaction is affected by factors such as: (3)

A

Temperature
pH
Enzyme concentration
Substrate concentration

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10
Q

Bile ___________ lipids/fats

A

Bile emulsifies fats

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11
Q

What does emulsify mean

A

Break things down from big to small

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12
Q

The pH of the small intestine is about ___

A

9 (8-9) alkaline

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13
Q

How is the structure of a villus adapted for the absorption of the products of digestion

A

1: Large surface area
2: Capillaries help it take useful substances to other parts of the body
3: Blood moves continually in the capillaries
4: This maintains concentration gradient
5: For diffusion
6: Lacteal absorbs fatty acids + glycerol
7: Villi is one cell thick

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14
Q

Bile is made by the _________
Stored in the _______ _________
Travel down the _______ ______

A

Made by the Liver
Stored in the Gall Bladder
Travel down the Bile Duct

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15
Q

Functions of hydrochloric acid:

A

Kills bacteria

The right pH for the protease enzyme to work

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16
Q

Pancreatic enzymes are made by the ___________

A

The pancreas

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17
Q

Salivary amylase in the mouth turns starch into __________

A

Starch —–> Maltose (smaller sugars)

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18
Q

Pepsin in the stomach turns protein into ________ _______

A

Protein —–> Amino acids

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19
Q

Maltase in the small intestine turns maltose into ___________

A

Maltose —–> Glucose

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20
Q

Lipase, a lipid enzyme, turns lipids into _________ ________ + _____________

A

Lipids —–> fatty acids + glycerol

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21
Q

Trypsin in the small intestine turns proteins into ________ _______

A

Protiens —–> Amino acids

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22
Q

Most food is absorbed in the _______ ___________

A

Small intestine

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24
Q

The ___________ is very acidic due to Hydrochloric acid

A

Stomach

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25
Q

Function of the oesophagus:

A

Muscular tube which connects the mouth and stomach

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25
Q

Food passes along the oesophagus to the stomach by ______________

A

Peristalsis

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26
Q

Functions of the stomach:

A

Muscles breaks down food
Produces protease enzymes
Produces Hydrochloric acid

27
Q

The stomach churns and mixes food to produce a thick liquid called _________

A

Chyme

28
Q

When the sphincter muscle opens, food passes from the stomach into the ________ ____________

A

Stomach —–> Small intestine

29
Q

As the stomach is strongly acid, it has an optimum _____ of about 2

A

pH

30
Q

Partly digested food is held back in the stomach by a ring of muscle at the stomach outlet, called a ___________ muscle

A

Sphincter

31
Q

Bile and pancreatic juice are ____________ therefore they neutralise the acidic contents that have arrived from the stomach

A

Alkaline

32
Q

Function of the pancreas:

A

Produces enzymes (protease, amylase, lipase) and releases them into the small intestine

33
Q

Enzymes break down food until they are small enough to be absorbed in the last part of the small intestine, the __________

A

The ileum

34
Q

__________ move food along the gut

A

Muscles

35
Q

When the longitudinal muscles contract and the circular muscles relax, the gut is made ___________

A

Longer

36
Q

The intestine contains 2 layers, the __________ muscle layer and the __________________

A

Circular

Longitudinal

37
Q

What is peristalsis

A

Muscle contractions which push food without the need of gravity

38
Q

Chemical breakdown is finished in the ______________

A

Duodenum (top of the small intestine)

39
Q

When the circular layer contracts and the longitudinal muscles relax, the gut is made __________

A

Smaller

40
Q

The process of taking food into the body is called _____________

A

Ingestion

41
Q

What is digestion

A

The breakdown of food in the body by enzymes

42
Q

Products of digestion are ___________ into the bloodstream

A

Absorbed into the bloodstream

43
Q

Digestion by enzymes is known as ____________ digestion

A

Chemical digestion

44
Q

The job of bile is to emulsify fats as well as to ________________ the stomach acids

A

Neutralise the stomach acids

45
Q

Carbohydrase breaks down sugars into __________

A

Glucose

46
Q

Trypsin breaks down proteins into _____________

A

Proteins —–> peptides

47
Q

Pepsin breaks down peptides into __________ _________

A

Peptides —–> amino acids

48
Q

The individual cells lining the villi have structures called _______________ which further increase surface area

A

Microvilli

49
Q

The villi absorb ____________ and ____________ __________ through the blood capillaries

A

Glucose

Amino acids

50
Q

_________ _______ and _____________ are absorbed into the lacteal which lives in the middle of the villi

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

51
Q

Before waste is removed from the body, it is stored in the ___________

A

Rectum

52
Q

Function of the large intestine:

A

Excess water is absorbed

53
Q

Amylase turns starch into maltose.

In this equation what is the enzyme, what is the substrate and what is the product(s)

A 
Enzyme = amylase
Substrate = starch
Product(s) = maltose
54
Q

Function of the anus

A

Where faeces leave the body

55
Q

What is the removal of undigested food/waste

A

Egestion

56
Q

Name the 2 types of digestion

A

Mechanical digestion

Chemical digestion

57
Q

Proteases turn proteins into ________ _______

A

Amino acids

58
Q

5 main stages of digestion

A 
Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Assimilation
Egestion
59
Q

2 types of chemical digestion

A

Enzymes

Bile

61
Q

2 types of mechanical digestion

A

Teeth

Stomach muscles

62
Q

Functions of bile:

A

Neutralises for enzyme conditions

Emulsifies fats

63
Q

Function of the gall bladder:

A

Stores bile

64
Q

Function of the liver:

A

Produces bile

65
Q

How is the mouth adapted for digestion

A

Salivary glands produce amylase

Teeth break down food

66
Q

Name the first 5 stages of digestion in order:

A 
Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption (Molecules moving into blood)
Assimilation (Molecules moving into cells)
Egestion

Biology GCSE (28 decks)

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