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Flashcards in Different role and importance of design in OM Deck (12)
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1
Q

Little’s Law

A

Mathematical relationship between throughput time, work in progress and cycle time

Tells us how long it will take for a given unit to work its way through the process

Throughput time = WIP x Cycle time

2
Q

Throughput efficiency

A

Ratio between the actual work done by the resources and the amount of resources (time) invested to process one unit

% throughput efficiency = work content/throughput time x100

Cycle time = time producing/numbers produced

3
Q

Process design

A

Must think about the best way of designing the operation to produce the product/service

Process design is about establishing the look, arrangement, resources required and workings of the operation before it is created

Need to think about the performance objectives and the volume/variety characteristics

4
Q

Manufacturing processes

A
  1. Project : construction site
  2. Jobbing: photolithography materials on a jobbing basis
  3. Batch: Batch process in a restaurant kitchen
  4. Mass: Packing factory
  5. Continuous: Oil, chemical and gas
5
Q

Service Processes

A
  1. Professional service: consultancy
  2. Service shop: gym, hair salon
  3. Mass service: supermarket, airport
6
Q

Layout of the process

A

It’s the positioning of the transforming resources and the allocation of production tasks to these

A good layout will have;

  • inherent safety
  • Length of flow
  • clarity of flow
  • management coordination
  • accessibility
  • use of space
  • certain degree of long-term flexibility
7
Q

Fixed Position layout

A

Transformed resource stationary

Why?

  • product too large
  • patients to delicate
  • customers object to being moved

Key Points?

  • Adequate space required
  • All contractors have access to their part of the project
  • minimal movement

E.g

  • motorway building
  • ship construction

+

  • very high variety and flexibility
  • high variety of tasks for staff

-

  • high unit costs
  • scheduling of space and tasks very complex
  • coordination issues
8
Q

Functional/Process Layout

A

Needs and convenience of the transforming resource functions dominate the layout decision

Convenient to group together resources performing the same/similar functions

Key Points;

  • similar transforming processes/products are located together
  • products, customers or information flow through the op taking the route from process to process according to their needs
  • flow pattern can be complex

E.g

  • library
  • machine component construction

+

  • High variety
  • High mix flexibility
  • robust to disruption
  • easy to supervise

-

  • low utilisation
  • complex flow
  • queuing
  • high WIP
9
Q

Product layout

A

Transforming resources located entirely for the convenience - prearranged route through fixed series of activities

Sequence of the activities matches the order in which the processes have been located

Key points;

  • transformed resource flow along the line of processes
  • line layout
  • flow is clear
  • used for standardised product

E.g

  • car assembly
  • most mass production

+

  • process is stable
  • ease of movement
  • high degree of specialisation
  • easy to supervise
  • low unit costs

-

  • Low mix flexibility
  • work is repetitive
  • might not be robust
10
Q

Cell layout

A

Transformed resource are pre-slected to move to one part of an operation where they are transformed by a set or resources before moving to another cell

Anticipated process order

Key points;

  • cell itself may be functional or product
  • attempts to bring some order to the complexity of the process

E.g

  • buffet
  • business school services
  • shop within a shop

+

  • good variety and mix compromise
  • overall comprise of product and functional layouts

-

  • Low utilisation
  • costly to rearrange
11
Q

Mixed layout

A

Restaurant complex

Kitchen-functional
Seating-fixed

12
Q

Flow

A

Long and thin

  • high degree of specialism
  • quicker
  • cheaper labour costs
  • few decisions

Short and Fat

  • more autonomy
  • more flexibility
  • higher job satisfaction